Motuporin, A Potent Protein Phosphatase Inhibitor Isolated from the Papua New Guinea Sponge Theonella swinhoei Gray

Silva, E.Dilip de; Williams, David E.; Andersen, Raymond J.; Klix, Heide; Holmes, Charles F.B.; Allen, Theresa M.

doi:10.1016/s0040-4039(00)91674-5

Cited by 189 publications

(95 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…This was surprising, as nodularin has only been reported from the cyanobacterial genus Nodularia (18). An analogous compound motuporin has been isolated from the marine sponge Theonella swinhoei (19), but Nodularia or nodularin has never been reported to occur in lichens or in other terrestrial symbioses. The phylogenetic trees show that cyanobacterial 16S rRNA or mcyE gene sequences from nodularinproducing lichens did not group with those from Nodularia but were scattered among lichen-symbiotic Nostoc sequences.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cyanobacteria produce a high variety of hepatotoxic peptides in lichen symbiosis

Kaasalainen¹,

Fewer

Jokela

et al. 2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

148

124

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Lichens are symbiotic associations between fungi and photosynthetic algae or cyanobacteria. Microcystins are potent toxins that are responsible for the poisoning of both humans and animals. These toxins are mainly associated with aquatic cyanobacterial blooms, but here we show that the cyanobacterial symbionts of terrestrial lichens from all over the world commonly produce microcystins. We screened 803 lichen specimens from five different continents for cyanobacterial toxins by amplifying a part of the gene cluster encoding the enzyme complex responsible for microcystin production and detecting toxins directly from lichen thalli. We found either the biosynthetic genes for making microcystins or the toxin itself in 12% of all analyzed lichen specimens. A plethora of different microcystins was found with over 50 chemical variants, and many of the variants detected have only rarely been reported from free-living cyanobacteria. In addition, high amounts of nodularin, up to 60 μg g −1 , were detected from some lichen thalli. This microcystin analog and potent hepatotoxin has previously been known only from the aquatic bloom-forming genus Nodularia. Our results demonstrate that the production of cyanobacterial hepatotoxins in lichen symbiosis is a global phenomenon and occurs in many different lichen lineages. The very high genetic diversity of the mcyE gene and the chemical diversity of microcystins suggest that lichen symbioses may have been an important environment for diversification of these cyanobacteria.Nostoc | Peltigera | cyanolichen | secondary metabolites | chemical defence

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cyanobacteria produce a high variety of hepatotoxic peptides in lichen symbiosis

Kaasalainen¹,

Fewer

Jokela

et al. 2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

148

124

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“…Nodularins are only produced by the species Nodularia spumigena, which occurs in brackish waters, essentially in the Baltic Sea, Australia and New Zealand [30]. Nevertheless, motuporin, a nodularin analogue, was first isolated from a marine sponge [24].…”

Section: Microcystins and Nodularinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Few studies deal with cyanobacterial LPS. They seem less potent than LPS from pathogenic gram-negative bacteria, but could be implicated in human health problems encountered as a result of bathing for example [20,24]. In addition, Glutathione S-transferase genes, which are responsible in part for detoxication of microcystins, may be inhibited by LPS [125].…”

Section: Dermatotoxins/irritant Toxinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Health hazards for terrestrial vertebrates from toxic cyanobacteria in surface water ecosystems

Briand¹,

Jacquet²,

et al. 2003

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-Toxigenic cyanobacteria are photosynthetic prokaryotes that are most often recognized in marine and freshwater systems, such as lakes, ponds, rivers, and estuaries. When environmental conditions (such as light, nutrients, water column stability, etc.) are suitable for their growth, cyanobacteria may proliferate and form toxic blooms in the upper, sunlit layers. The biology and ecology of cyanobacteria have been extensively studied throughout the world during the last two decades, but we still know little about the factors and processes involved in regulating toxin production for many cyanobacterial species. In this minireview, we discuss these microorganisms, and more especially the toxins they produce, as a potential and important health risk for wild and domestic animals.

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“…The toxin motuporin, isolated from the marine sponge Theonella swinhoei, is thought to be another variant. It has arginine replaced by valine at position 2 (De Silva et al, 1992). The producer of this toxin is unknown but thought to be a cyanobacterial symbiont.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nodularin, a cyanobacterial toxin, is synthesized in planta by symbiotic Nostoc sp.

et al. 2012

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The nitrogen-fixing bacterium, Nostoc, is a commonly occurring cyanobacterium often found in symbiotic associations. We investigated the potential of cycad cyanobacterial endosymbionts to synthesize microcystin/nodularin. Endosymbiont DNA was screened for the aminotransferase domain of the toxin biosynthesis gene clusters. Five endosymbionts carrying the gene were screened for bioactivity. Extracts of two isolates inhibited protein phosphatase 2A and were further analyzed using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS)/MS. Nostoc sp. ‘Macrozamia riedlei 65.1’ and Nostoc sp. ‘Macrozamia serpentina 73.1’ both contained nodularin. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) HESI-MS/MS analysis confirmed the presence of nodularin at 9.55±2.4 ng μg−1 chlorophyll a in Nostoc sp. ‘Macrozamia riedlei 65.1’ and 12.5±8.4 ng μg−1 Chl a in Nostoc sp. ‘Macrozamia serpentina 73.1’ extracts. Further scans indicated the presence of the rare isoform [L-Har2] nodularin, which contains l-homoarginine instead of l-arginine. Nodularin was also present at 1.34±0.74 ng ml−1 (approximately 3 pmol per g plant ww) in the methanol root extracts of M. riedlei MZ65, while the presence of [L-Har2] nodularin in the roots of M. serpentina MZ73 was suggested by HPLC HESI-MS/MS analysis. The ndaA-B and ndaF genomic regions were sequenced to confirm the presence of the hybrid polyketide/non-ribosomal gene cluster. A seven amino-acid insertion into the NdaA-C1 domain of N. spumigena NSOR10 protein was observed in all endosymbiont-derived sequences, suggesting the transfer of the nda cluster from N. spumigena to terrestrial Nostoc species. This study demonstrates the synthesis of nodularin and [L-Har2] nodularin in a non-Nodularia species and the production of cyanobacterial hepatotoxin by a symbiont in planta.

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Motuporin, A Potent Protein Phosphatase Inhibitor Isolated from the Papua New Guinea Sponge Theonella swinhoei Gray

Cited by 189 publications

References 14 publications

Cyanobacteria produce a high variety of hepatotoxic peptides in lichen symbiosis

Cyanobacteria produce a high variety of hepatotoxic peptides in lichen symbiosis

Health hazards for terrestrial vertebrates from toxic cyanobacteria in surface water ecosystems

Nodularin, a cyanobacterial toxin, is synthesized in planta by symbiotic Nostoc sp.

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