Motor Vehicle PM Emissions Measurement at LEV III Levels

Maricq, M. Matti; Szente, Joseph J.; Loos, Michael; Vogt, Rainer

doi:10.4271/2011-01-0623

Cited by 37 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 37 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The ratio of ∼2 × 10 12 particles/mg for E0-E17 fuels is the same as found for solid particles emissions from both GDI and diesel vehicles (Kirchner et al 2010;Maricq et al 2011). Since in the present work, we did not purposefully remove liquid droplets, this similarity indicates that there is virtually no nucleation mode.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 69%

The Impact of Ethanol Fuel Blends on PM Emissions from a Light-Duty GDI Vehicle

Maricq

Szente

Jahr

2012

Aerosol Science and Technology

Self Cite

161

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This study explores the influence of ethanol on particulate matter (PM) emissions from gasoline direct injection (GDI) vehicles, a technology introduced to improve fuel economy and lower CO 2 emissions, but facing challenges to meet next-generation emissions standards. Because PM formation in GDI engines is sensitive to a number of operating parameters, two engine calibrations are examined to gauge the robustness of the results. As the ethanol level in gasoline increases from 0% to 20%, there is possibly a small (<20%) benefit in PM mass and particle number emissions, but this is within test variability. When the ethanol content increases to >30%, there is a statistically significant 30%-45% reduction in PM mass and number emissions observed for both engine calibrations. Particle size is unaffected by ethanol level. PM composition is primarily elemental carbon; the organic fraction increases from ∼5% for E0 to 15% for E45 fuel. Engine-out hydrocarbon and NO x emissions exhibit 10-20% decreases, consistent with oxygenated fuel additives. These results are discussed in the context of the changing commercial fuel and engine technology landscapes.

show abstract

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 69%

The Impact of Ethanol Fuel Blends on PM Emissions from a Light-Duty GDI Vehicle

Maricq

Szente

Jahr

2012

Aerosol Science and Technology

Self Cite

161

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The results are shown in Table 2, separated by engine technologies and test cycles. For FTP-75 tests, the PM mass emission rates for PFI vehicles are mostly below 1 mg/mile, whereas the average PM mass emission rate for GDI is 5.67 mg/mile, within the range of what has been reported before (Maricq et al, 2011;Chan et al, 2012;Maricq et al, 2013). The average US06 emission rates of PM mass for PFI and GDI vehicles were 1.84 and 6.82 mg/mile, respectively, all below the interim LEV III 2017 US06 certification standard of 10 mg/mile.…”

Section: Emissions Variabilitysupporting

confidence: 82%

“…A number of studies have reported a positive relationship between SPN and PM mass. The slopes ranged from 1 × 10 12 (heavy duty, HD) to 4 × 10 12 (LD) particles/mg and had varying scatter (Khalek, 2006;Maricq et al, 2011;Giechaskiel et al, 2012;Chan et al, 2014) for emissions up to 40 mg/mile. The varying slope is due to the wide range of test vehicle fleet and test cycle (Euro vs. U.S.), emission standards that test vehicles were certified at, vehicle classifications (LD vs. HD), combustion technologies (air/fuel ratios), after-treatment technologies (particulate filter for engines), and fuels (diesel vs. gasoline).…”

Section: Relationships Between Spn and Pm Massmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In general, these alternatives utilize real-time instrumentation that measures one or more non-mass characteristics of PM, which are then converted to PM mass with an empirically derived conversion factor. The most widely investigated approaches include the use of black carbon (BC), total or solid particle numbers (PN or SPN), and integrating particle mass using particle number, size, and effective density (integrated particle size distribution, or IPSD) (Khalek, 2006;Liu et al, 2009;Khalek et al, 2010;Maricq et al, 2011;Mamakos et al, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Evaluation of solid particle number and black carbon for very low particulate matter emissions standards in light-duty vehicles

Chang

Shields

2017

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Solid particle number and black carbon were suggested in place of PM mass for the California LEV III 1-mg/mile FTP standard. Their equivalence, proportionality, and emission variability in comparison to PM mass, based on a large light-duty vehicle fleet examined, are dependent on engine technologies and driving cycles. Such empirical derived correlations exhibit the limitation of using these metrics for enforcement and certification standards as vehicle combustion and after-treatment technologies advance.

show abstract

“…Sulfate and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) co-existed on the surface of primary particles, such as soot, Ca-rich, and organic particles. In addition, the products of VOC (volatile organic carbon) oxidation could react with SO 2 to rapidly produce sulfate (Mauldin et al, 2012). Thus, the rapid ageing of primary particles could also be attributable to the acid-catalysed mechanism.…”

Section: Rapid Ageing Of Primary Particles In Beijingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphology and size of the particles emitted from a gasoline-direct-injection-engine vehicle and their ageing in an environmental chamber

et al. 2020

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Air pollution is particularly severe in developing megacities, such as Beijing, where vehicles equipped with modern gasoline-direct-injection (GDI) engines are becoming one of major sources of the pollution. This study presents the characteristics of individual particles emitted by a GDI vehicle and their ageing in a smog chamber under the Beijing urban environment, as part of the Atmospheric Pollution & Human Health (APHH) research programme. Using transmission electron microscopy, we identified the particles emitted from a commercial GDI-engine vehicle running under various conditions, namely cold-start, hotstart, hot stabilized running, idle, and acceleration states. Our results showed that most of the particles were organic, soot, and Ca-rich ones, with small quantities of S-rich and metal-containing particles. In terms of particle size, the particles exhibited a bimodal distribution in number vs size, with one mode at 800-900 nm and the other at 140-240 nm. The numbers of organic particles emitted under hot-start and hot stabilized states were higher than those emitted under other conditions. The number of soot particles was higher under cold-start and acceleration states. Under the idle state, the proportion of Ca-rich particles was highest, although their absolute number was low. In addition to quantifying the types of particles emitted by the engine, we studied the ageing of the particles during 3.5 h of photochemical oxidation in an environmental chamber under the Beijing urban environment. Ageing transformed soot particles into core-shell structures, coated by secondary organic species, while the content of sulfur in Ca-rich and organic particles increased. Overall, the majority of particles from GDI-engine vehicles were organic and soot particles with submicron or nanometric size. The particles were highly reactive; they reacted in the atmosphere and changed their morphology and composition within hours via catalysed acidification that involved gaseous pollutants at high pollution levels in Beijing.Highlights.-GDI-engine vehicles emitted a large amount of both primary and secondary organic aerosol (SOA).-Higher numbers of organic particles were emitted under hot stabilized running and hot-start states.Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. 2782 J. Xing et al.: Characteristics and ageing of particles from gasoline vehicle -Sulfate and secondary organic aerosol formed on the surface of primary particles after ageing.-Particles aged rapidly by catalysed acidification under high pollution levels in Beijing.

show abstract

Motor Vehicle PM Emissions Measurement at LEV III Levels

Cited by 37 publications

References 37 publications

The Impact of Ethanol Fuel Blends on PM Emissions from a Light-Duty GDI Vehicle

The Impact of Ethanol Fuel Blends on PM Emissions from a Light-Duty GDI Vehicle

Evaluation of solid particle number and black carbon for very low particulate matter emissions standards in light-duty vehicles

Morphology and size of the particles emitted from a gasoline-direct-injection-engine vehicle and their ageing in an environmental chamber

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About