Motor Task Difficulty and Brain Activity: Investigation of Goal-Directed Reciprocal Aiming Using Positron Emission Tomography

Winstein, Carolee J.; Grafton, Scott T.; Pohl, Patricia S.

doi:10.1152/jn.1997.77.3.1581

Cited by 216 publications

(146 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…Finally, we found more activation in the left premotor cortex, bilateral SMA, and ipsilateral cerebellum during GO relative to the GL task. One might argue that tactile form discrimination elicits greater motor planning for manipulation than tactile localization, which could account for the greater premotor, SMA, and cerebellar activity (28). Furthermore, the hand-independent, left-lateralized activation that we observed in premotor cortex is consistent with the report that transcranial magnetic stimulation of the left but not right premotor cortex disrupts movement selection of either hand (29).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Tactile form and location processing in the human brain

Boven

Ingeholm

Beauchamp

et al. 2005

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

107

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To elucidate the neural basis of the recognition of tactile form and location, we used functional MRI while subjects discriminated gratings delivered to the fingertip of either the right or left hand. Subjects were required to selectively attend to either grating orientation or grating location under identical stimulus conditions. Independent of the hand that was stimulated, grating orientation discrimination selectively activated the left intraparietal sulcus, whereas grating location discrimination selectively activated the right temporoparietal junction. Hence, hemispheric dominance appears to be an organizing principle for cortical processing of tactile form and location.brain imaging ͉ functional MRI ͉ somatosensory T ouch provides a rich variety of information about both the world around us and the body itself. For example, we can dissociate information about features of objects touched from knowledge of the spatial location of bodily contact. Although much is known about the peripheral mechanisms of touch, central mechanisms beyond the primary somatosensory cortex (SI) are far less well understood. In this functional MRI (fMRI) study, we aimed to dissociate the higher, central neural correlates of tactile form vs. location processing by using a selective attention task under conditions of identical peripheral stimulation.For tactile form discrimination, we selected the grating orientation (GO) task (1), the performance of which is dependent on the spatial information conveyed by the population response of slow-adapting afferents of the peripheral nervous system (2). The information provided by this neuronal population is the basis of fine tactile form recognition used in Braille reading, texture discrimination, and other functions requiring fine spatial resolution. For grating location (GL) discrimination, we used a device to deliver small, discrete shifts in the stimulation site at which gratings were applied. By contrasting brain activations during the GO and GL tasks, we distinguished regions selectively associated with tactile form and location processing, respectively. Further, by comparing brain activations during stimulation of the right and left hands, we determined whether observed hemispheric lateralizations were a function of side of stimulation or hemispheric specialization for these perceptual attributes. We found that the regions mediating tactile form vs. location processing are distinct, lateralized, and independent of the side of the body stimulated. Materials and MethodsSubjects. Twenty healthy subjects (11 males; mean age, 25.6 years; range, 22-28 years; 18 right-handed and 2 left-handed, according to global self-assessment) participated in this study with informed consent according to a protocol approved by the institutional review board of the National Institute of Mental Health. Eight subjects were tested at the right hand, eight at the left hand, and four at both hands (the two left-handers were tested at the right hand only).The subjects had no history of neurological or psychiatri...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Tactile form and location processing in the human brain

Boven

Ingeholm

Beauchamp

et al. 2005

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

107

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“…Although the reach-related cerebral network observed in the present study is generally coherent with previous observations performed with and without vision of the moving limb (Colebatch et al, 1991;Grafton et al, 1992Grafton et al, , 1996Deiber et al, 1996;Lacquaniti et al, 1997;Inoue et al, 1998;Turner et al, 1998;Winstein et al, 1997), our results differ from earlier reports in two ways. First, we observed a larger noncortical contribution, especially within the cerebellum and pontine nuclei.…”

Section: Reaching In the Darksupporting

confidence: 80%

Functional Anatomy of Nonvisual Feedback Loops during Reaching: A Positron Emission Tomography Study

et al. 2001

Self Cite

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Reaching movements performed without vision of the moving limb are continuously monitored, during their execution, by feedback loops (designated nonvisual). In this study, we investigated the functional anatomy of these nonvisual loops using positron emission tomography (PET). Seven subjects had to "look at" (eye) or "look and point to" (eye-arm) visual targets whose location either remained stationary or changed undetectably during the ocular saccade (when vision is suppressed). Slightly changing the target location during gaze shift causes an increase in the amount of correction to be generated. Functional anatomy of nonvisual feedback loops was identified by comparing the reaching condition involving large corrections (jump) with the reaching condition involving small corrections (stationary), after subtracting the activations associated with saccadic movements and hand movement planning [(eye-armjumping minus eye-jumping) minus (eye-arm-stationary minus eye-stationary)]. Behavioral data confirmed that the subjects were both accurate at reaching to the stationary targets and able to update their movement smoothly and early in response to the target jump. PET difference images showed that these corrections were mediated by a restricted network involving the left posterior parietal cortex, the right anterior intermediate cerebellum, and the left primary motor cortex. These results are consistent with our knowledge of the functional properties of these areas and more generally with models emphasizing parietal-cerebellar circuits for processing a dynamic motor error signal.

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“…At a second level, it might be that the pattern of activation in the BG network is dependent on the type of task being performed. In a study that manipulated the distance and precision requirements of a reciprocal reaching task, Winstein and colleagues (Winstein et al, 1997) found that greater targeting precision (as opposed to greater limb transport) activated the anterior ventral striatum (caudate). More recently, Siebner et al (2001) reported increased activation of anterior dorsal putamen during handwriting performed under slow feedback (as opposed to fast open-loop) conditions.…”

Section: U N C O R R E C T E D P R O O Fmentioning

confidence: 99%

Basal ganglia network mediates the control of movement amplitude

Desmurget

Grafton

Vindras

et al. 2003

Experimental Brain Research

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This study addresses the hypothesis that the basal ganglia (BG) are involved speci®cally in the planning of movement amplitude (or covariates). Although often advanced, based on observations that Parkinson's disease (PD) patients exhibit hypokinesia in the absence of signi®cant directional errors, this hypothesis has been challenged by a recent alternative, that parkinsonian hypometria could be caused by dysfunction of on-line feedback loops. To re-evaluate this issue, we conducted two successive experiments. In the ®rst experiment we assumed that if BG are involved in extent planning then PD patients (who exhibit a major dysfunction within the BG network) should exhibit a preserved ability to use a direction precue with respect to normals, but an impaired ability to use an amplitude precue. Results were compatible with this prediction. Because this evidence did not prove conclusively that the BG is involved in amplitude planning (functional de®cits are not restricted to the BG network in PD), a second experiment was conducted using positron emission tomography (PET). We hypothesized that if the BG is important for planning movement amplitude, a task requiring increased amplitude planning should produce increased activation in the BG network. In agreement with this prediction, we observed enhanced activation of BG structures under a precue condition that emphasized extent planning in comparison with conditions that emphasized direction planning or no planning. Considered together, our results are consistent with the idea that BG is directly involved in the planning of movement amplitude or of factors that covary with that parameter.

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Motor Task Difficulty and Brain Activity: Investigation of Goal-Directed Reciprocal Aiming Using Positron Emission Tomography

Cited by 216 publications

References 53 publications

Tactile form and location processing in the human brain

Tactile form and location processing in the human brain

Functional Anatomy of Nonvisual Feedback Loops during Reaching: A Positron Emission Tomography Study

Basal ganglia network mediates the control of movement amplitude

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