Motor, sympathetic and sensory innervation of rat skeletal muscles

Peyronnard, Jean‐Marie; Charron, Louise; Lavoie, J.; Messier, J.P.

doi:10.1016/0006-8993(86)90343-4

Cited by 127 publications

(87 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…These findings are comparable to those using horseradish peroxidase (HRP) applied to the cut end of the nerve innervating the TA muscle. This approach is viewed as the "gold standard method" for retrograde motoneuron labeling (Nicolopoulos-Stournaras and Iles, 1983;Peyronnard et al, 1986). Our results indicate that muscle injection of TB, FR or FE represents a reasonable method for labeling of TA motoneurons.…”

Section: Muscle Injectionmentioning

confidence: 76%

A sequential double labeling technique for studying changes in motoneuronal projections to muscle following nerve injury and reinnervation

Katada¹,

Vos²,

Swelstad³

et al. 2006

Journal of Neuroscience Methods

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Abstract:The purpose of this study was to develop an anatomical technique that could directly demonstrate the motoneuron projections to the muscle both before injury and again following reinnervation. Investigation focused on the identification of a long-term retrograde fluorescent tracer that would label original motoneurons and persist long enough for reinnervating motoneurons to become labeled by a second fluorescent tracer. True Blue (TB) was evaluated as a potential long-term tracer, Fluoro-ruby (FR) and Fluoro-emerald (FE) were tested as potential short-term tracers in 45 adult Sprague-Dawley rats. In the initial phase of the study, TB was injected into the tibialis anterior (TA) muscle in 16 rats and sacrificed 1 week to 6 months later, to study its persistence. During the second stage, a short-term tracer was injected into the TA muscles bilaterally in 15 rats with survival time ranging from 4-28 days. Sequential double labeling was subsequently performed using the combination of TB and FR in 14 rats. The number and brightness of TB cells did not change over 6 months time, a period sufficient for complete reinnervation.FR and FE showed maximum labeling of motoneurons at 1 week after tracer application.In the double labeling study, we could easily distinguish double-labeled cells from those labeled only by TB or FR. These results suggest that sequential double labeling of TB and FR is a valuable method for long-term muscle reinnervation studies.

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Section: Muscle Injectionmentioning

confidence: 76%

A sequential double labeling technique for studying changes in motoneuronal projections to muscle following nerve injury and reinnervation

Katada¹,

Vos²,

Swelstad³

et al. 2006

Journal of Neuroscience Methods

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“…The modified femoral nerve model DRG excision to remove afferent axons followed by HRP labeling of motoneurons was introduced by Peyronnard et al (1986) to evaluate labeling efficiency. When DRG excision is added to the femoral nerve model, only motor axons will regenerate after nerve repair.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Peripheral Pathways Regulate Motoneuron Collateral Dynamics

Redett¹,

Jari

Crawford³

et al. 2005

J. Neurosci.

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Motor axons regenerating after repair of mixed nerve reinnervate pathways leading to muscle more often than those leading to skin [preferential motor reinnervation (PMR)]. Motoneurons that initially project collaterals to both muscle and skin prune incorrect projections to generate specificity. The number of motor axon collaterals maintained entirely within cutaneous or muscle pathways, however, is unknown. To overcome this shortcoming, dorsal root ganglion excision has been used to allow only motor axons to regenerate after a peripheral lesion. Motor axon number in reinnervated cutaneous and muscle pathways can then be correlated with the number of parent motoneurons determined by retrograde labeling. The number of collaterals per neuron can be calculated for each environment and the relative roles of pathway and end organ assessed by blocking the distal pathways to prevent target reinnervation.Without sensory competition, PMR develops in two stages: a limited response to muscle nerve and then a robust response to muscle that may involve retrograde signaling to the proximal pathway. Motoneurons maintain more collaterals in cutaneous nerve than in muscle nerve, even without muscle contact. This difference could result either from increased collateral formation in cutaneous nerve or from increased collateral pruning in muscle nerve. In either instance, these findings confirm that muscle and cutaneous pathways have functionally significant identities that can be recognized by motor axons and can regulate their arborization. Decreased arborization in muscle pathways could promote regeneration by focusing neuronal resources on high-yield projections; increased arborization in cutaneous pathways, conversely, would enhance pathfinding abilities.

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“…The behavioral tests used to measure allodynia and hyperalgesia at the L5 dermatome rely on intact motor behaviors. Comprehensive anatomical studies showed that while the L6 segment contributes to semitendinosus (Nicolopoulos-Stournaras and Iles, 1983) and medial gastrocnemius (<9%; (Peyronnard et al, 1986) innervation, it is a major contributor to pelvic musculature innervation, including the external sphincter uerthrae, and the ischiocavernosus, bulbocavernosus, and sphincter ani muscles (Schroder, 1980). From our own behavioral observations from this study, locomotor function is normal to the point where it is difficult for a blind observer to distinguish lesioned from non-lesioned subjects having the unilateral L6-S1 VRA injury.…”

Section: Pain Behaviormentioning

confidence: 99%

At-level neuropathic pain is induced by lumbosacral ventral root avulsion injury and ameliorated by root reimplantation into the spinal cord

Bigbee

Hoang

Havton

2007

Experimental Neurology

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Neuropathic pain is common after traumatic injuries to the cauda equina/conus medullaris and brachial plexus. Clinically, this pain is difficult to treat and its mechanisms are not well understood. Lesions to the ventral roots are common in these injuries, but are rarely considered as potential contributors to pain. We examined whether a unilateral L6-S1 ventral root avulsion (VRA) injury in adult female rats might elicit pain within the dermatome projecting to the adjacent, uninjured L5 spinal segment. Additionally, a subset of subjects had the avulsed L6-S1 ventral roots reimplanted (VRA+Imp) into the lateral funiculus post-avulsion to determine whether this neural repair strategy elicits or ameliorates pain. Behavioral tests for mechanical allodynia and hyperalgesia were performed weekly over 7 weeks post-injury at the hind paw plantar surface. Allodynia developed early and persisted post-VRA, whereas VRA+Imp rats exhibited allodynia only at 1 week postoperatively. Hyperalgesia was not observed at any time in any experimental group. Quantitative immunohistochemistry showed increased levels of inflammatory markers in laminae III-V and in the dorsal funiculus of the L5 spinal cord of VRA, but not VRA+Imp rats, specific to areas that receive projections from mechanoreceptive, but not nociceptive, primary afferents. These data suggest that sustained at-level neuropathic pain can develop following a pure motor lesion, whereas the pain may be ameliorated by acute root reimplantation. We believe that our findings are of translational research interest, as root implantation surgery is emerging as a potentially useful strategy for the repair of cauda equina/conus medullaris injuries.

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Motor, sympathetic and sensory innervation of rat skeletal muscles

Cited by 127 publications

References 33 publications

A sequential double labeling technique for studying changes in motoneuronal projections to muscle following nerve injury and reinnervation

A sequential double labeling technique for studying changes in motoneuronal projections to muscle following nerve injury and reinnervation

Peripheral Pathways Regulate Motoneuron Collateral Dynamics

At-level neuropathic pain is induced by lumbosacral ventral root avulsion injury and ameliorated by root reimplantation into the spinal cord

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