Motor Mechanisms of the CNS: Cerebrocerebellar Interrelations

Evarts, Edward V.; Thach, W. T.

doi:10.1146/annurev.ph.31.030169.002315

Cited by 342 publications

(128 citation statements)

References 92 publications

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“…Regarding the role of the frontal lobe in action, it is widely accepted that the primary motor cortex (M1) is a source of specific motor commands [Evarts and Thach, 1969; Penfield and Boldrey, 1937], whereas more anterior regions of the frontal lobe such as the premotor region are involved in many higher level aspects of movement planning such as the preparation and organization of movements and actions [Wise, 1985]. Here, it has to be noted that especially the dorsal section of the premotor region is crucial for deciding which action to perform.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Motor imagery of hand actions: Decoding the content of motor imagery from brain activity in frontal and parietal motor areas

et al. 2015

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How motor maps are organized while imagining actions is an intensely debated issue. It is particularly unclear whether motor imagery relies on action‐specific representations in premotor and posterior parietal cortices. This study tackled this issue by attempting to decode the content of motor imagery from spatial patterns of Blood Oxygen Level Dependent (BOLD) signals recorded in the frontoparietal motor imagery network. During fMRI‐scanning, 20 right‐handed volunteers worked on three experimental conditions and one baseline condition. In the experimental conditions, they had to imagine three different types of right‐hand actions: an aiming movement, an extension–flexion movement, and a squeezing movement. The identity of imagined actions was decoded from the spatial patterns of BOLD signals they evoked in premotor and posterior parietal cortices using multivoxel pattern analysis. Results showed that the content of motor imagery (i.e., the action type) could be decoded significantly above chance level from the spatial patterns of BOLD signals in both frontal (PMC, M1) and parietal areas (SPL, IPL, IPS). An exploratory searchlight analysis revealed significant clusters motor‐ and motor‐associated cortices, as well as in visual cortices. Hence, the data provide evidence that patterns of activity within premotor and posterior parietal cortex vary systematically with the specific type of hand action being imagined. Hum Brain Mapp 37:81–93, 2016. © 2015 The Authors. Human Brain Mapping Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Motor imagery of hand actions: Decoding the content of motor imagery from brain activity in frontal and parietal motor areas

et al. 2015

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“…The cerebellum is classically assumed to primarily serve motor control (Evarts and Thach, 1969;Ito, 1984;Houk and Wise, 1995) and motor learning functions (Marr, 1969;Albus, 1971;Lisberger, 1988;Thach, 1996). Recent studies, however, suggest that the lateral cerebellum is involved in higher brain functions such as tactile sensory discrimination (Gao et al, 1996;Liu et al, 2000), semantic discrimination (Xiang et al, 2003), attention (Allen et al, 1997), and cognition (Petersen et al, 1989;Kim et al, 1994;Schmahmann, 1997;Schmahmann and Sherman, 1998;Andreasen et al, 1999;Mandolesi et al, 2001;Bischoff-Grethe et al, 2002;Vokaer et al, 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The traditional view was that cerebrocerebellar input provided the cerebellum with information from widespread cortical areas (Brodal, 1978;Glickstein et al, 1985;Schmahmann, 1997), and the cerebellar output was thought to be directed exclusively to the primary motor cortex (M1). Consequently, these cerebrocerebellar loops were believed to function primarily in motor control (Evarts and Thach, 1969;Allen and Tsukahara, 1974;Asanuma et al, 1983). Recent studies, however, show that the cerebellar efferents also extensively innervate nonmotor areas of the cerebral cortex (Middleton and Strick, 1994Clower et al, 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Involvement of multiple functionally distinct cerebellar regions in visual discrimination: a human functional imaging study

et al. 2003

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We investigated the contribution of the human cerebellum to cerebral function during visual discrimination using PET and fMRI. The cognitive task was a successive discrimination of shades of brown with a parametric variation of the stimulus presentation rate and a constant task difficulty. The successive color discrimination task was contrasted to a dimming detection control task, with identical retinal input but with double the number of motor responses. Three sets of activated cerebellar and cerebral regions were observed: rate-dependent and rate-independent color discrimination networks and a motor-and-detection network. The rate-dependent color discrimination network included both an anterior and a posterior activation site in lobule-VI of the two lateral cerebellar hemispheres, whereas the rate-independent network involved a bilateral activation site in lateral Crus-I. Cerebellar sites of the motor-and-detection network were located in medial lobule-V bilaterally, in the vermis, and in posterior left Crus-I and right Crus-II. An additional fMRI study was performed to control for differences in motor output and response timing between the tasks. In this control study, the cerebellar activation sites of the rate-dependent and rate-independent color discrimination networks remained unaltered. The motor-and-detection network included cerebellar activations in posterior left Crus-I and right Crus-II, but none in lobule-V or the vermis. Thus, cerebellar activation sites of the motor-and-detection network could be subdivided into those related to a motor network and those belonging to a dimming detection network. We conclude that successive color discrimination activates multiple, functionally distinct cerebellar regions.

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“…, There are three main routes [5] along which the cerebro-cerebellar information may be transmitted (fig. lc).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Studies in anesthetized animals have shown that potentials generated in the contralateral cerebellum by stimulation of cerebral cortex present two distinct waves [3,5,6,11] of different latencies. They have been interpreted as successive postsynaptic responses of the cerebellar neurones elicited by MF and CF [3,11].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in Cerebellar Responses evoked by Primary Sensorimotor Cortex Stimulation during Sleep and Wakefulness

Pellet¹,

Dubrocard²,

Harlay³

et al.

Sleep 1972

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Motor Mechanisms of the CNS: Cerebrocerebellar Interrelations

Cited by 342 publications

References 92 publications

Motor imagery of hand actions: Decoding the content of motor imagery from brain activity in frontal and parietal motor areas

Motor imagery of hand actions: Decoding the content of motor imagery from brain activity in frontal and parietal motor areas

Involvement of multiple functionally distinct cerebellar regions in visual discrimination: a human functional imaging study

Changes in Cerebellar Responses evoked by Primary Sensorimotor Cortex Stimulation during Sleep and Wakefulness

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