Motor impairment in children with anxiety disorders

Skirbekk, Benedicte; Hansen, Berit Hjelde; Oerbeck, Beate; Wentzel‐Larsen, Tore; Kristensen, Hanne Kaae

doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2011.12.008

Cited by 25 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 90 publications

(92 reference statements)

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“…The fact that both WT and KalSR KO/KO mice showed a graded increase in inhibition of acoustic startle with increasing prepulse intensity supports the conclusion that ablation of Kalrn did not result in a hearing or response deficit. Several studies have noted significant co-morbidity of neuromuscular deficits and schizophrenia [80-82], which might be associated with deficits in KALRN .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Kalrnplays key roles within and outside of the nervous system

et al. 2012

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BackgroundThe human KALRN gene, which encodes a complex, multifunctional Rho GDP/GTP exchange factor, has been linked to cardiovascular disease, psychiatric disorders and neurodegeneration. Examination of existing Kalrn knockout mouse models has focused only on neuronal phenotypes. However, Kalirin was first identified through its interaction with an enzyme involved in the synthesis and secretion of multiple bioactive peptides, and studies in C.elegans revealed roles for its orthologue in neurosecretion.ResultsWe used a broad array of tests to evaluate the effects of ablating a single exon in the spectrin repeat region of Kalrn (KalSRKO/KO); transcripts encoding Kalrn isoforms containing only the second GEF domain can still be produced from the single remaining functional Kalrn promoter. As expected, KalSRKO/KO mice showed a decrease in anxiety-like behavior and a passive avoidance deficit. No changes were observed in prepulse inhibition of acoustic startle or tests of depression-like behavior. Growth rate, parturition and pituitary secretion of growth hormone and prolactin were deficient in the KalSRKO/KO mice. Based on the fact that a subset of Kalrn isoforms is expressed in mouse skeletal muscle and the observation that muscle function in C.elegans requires its Kalrn orthologue, KalSRKO/KO mice were evaluated in the rotarod and wire hang tests. KalSRKO/KO mice showed a profound decrease in neuromuscular function, with deficits apparent in KalSR+/KO mice; these deficits were not as marked when loss of Kalrn expression was restricted to the nervous system. Pre- and postsynaptic deficits in the neuromuscular junction were observed, along with alterations in sarcomere length.ConclusionsMany of the widespread and diverse deficits observed both within and outside of the nervous system when expression of Kalrn is eliminated may reflect its role in secretory granule function and its expression outside of the nervous system.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Kalrnplays key roles within and outside of the nervous system

et al. 2012

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“…76 Nearly half of the children with anxiety disorders scored below the 5th percentile on the Movement Assessment Battery for Children, a degree of impairment that would be noticeable in activities of daily living. 77 Treatment with twelve 45-minute sessions of weekly occupational therapy that included exercises to improve muscle tone, balance, and tolerance for vestibular stimulation reduced anxiety and improved balance performance in children with coexisting anxiety disorders and balance problems. 78…”

Section: Fear Of Fallingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Threat Assessment and Locomotion: Clinical Applications of an Integrated Model of Anxiety and Postural Control

2013

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Interactions between anxiety and vestibular symptoms have been described since the late 1800s. Typically, they have been conceptualized as bidirectional effects of one condition on the other (i.e., anxiety disorders as a cause of vestibular symptoms and vestibular disorders as a cause of anxiety symptoms). Over the past 30 years, however, a steady progression of neurophysiological investigations of gait and stance under conditions of postural threat, neuroanatomical studies of connections between threat assessment and vestibular pathways in the brain, and clinical research on anxiety-related vestibular conditions has offered the building blocks of a more integrated model. In this newer concept, threat assessment is an integral component of spatial perception, postural control, and locomotion in health and disease. It is not imposed on the vestibular system from the outside or simply reactive to vestibular dysfunction, but an inherently necessary part of every aspect of mobility. In this article, the authors review evidence that supports this model and then use it to examine common neurotologic conditions in which anxiety-related processes play important roles-fear of falling, primary and secondary anxiety disorders in patients with vestibular symptoms, and chronic subjective dizziness.

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“…These are mostly non-traumatic: a fall is not required to induce a height phobia [13]. Motor function is described as impaired in many children who have anxiety disorders that may interfere with their activities of daily living [35]. Especially the excessive sensitivity of anxiety-disordered children to balancechallenging situations is emphasized [36,37].…”

Section: Visual Height Intolerance and The Course Of Anxiety Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fear of Heights and Visual Height Intolerance in Children 8Ã¢ÂÂ10 Years Old

Huppert

Br²

2015

J Child Adolesc Behav

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Objective: To evaluate the prevalence, symptoms, spontaneous course, and behavioral consequences of visual height intolerance in children in comparison to adults. Methods:Survey in three primary schools on the frequency of visual height intolerance in 455 children aged 8 to 10 years. Individual structured interviews of 90 susceptible children and 54 of their parents. Results:The prevalence of visual height intolerance in children amounted to 34%; there was no gender preponderance. The condition began at a mean age of 5.9 years and rarely showed a tendency to generalize with respect to trigger stimuli. Triggers and symptoms were similar to those in adults. Avoidance behavior was reported by less than one third of the children, and there was only minimal subjective impairment of life quality. The condition was not perceived to be a disease or an individual weakness. Frequency and severity had already spontaneously improved in nearly one half of the children by the time of the survey. Conclusion:More than one third of prepubertal girls and boys exhibited susceptibility for visual height intolerance which -in contrast to the adult-onset type of the condition -appeared to take a benign spontaneous course.

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Motor impairment in children with anxiety disorders

Cited by 25 publications

References 90 publications

Kalrnplays key roles within and outside of the nervous system

Kalrnplays key roles within and outside of the nervous system

Threat Assessment and Locomotion: Clinical Applications of an Integrated Model of Anxiety and Postural Control

Fear of Heights and Visual Height Intolerance in Children 8Ã¢ÂÂ10 Years Old

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Motor impairment in children with anxiety disorders

Cited by 25 publications

References 90 publications

Kalrnplays key roles within and outside of the nervous system

Kalrnplays key roles within and outside of the nervous system

Threat Assessment and Locomotion: Clinical Applications of an Integrated Model of Anxiety and Postural Control

Fear of Heights and Visual Height Intolerance in Children 8Ã¢ÂÂ10 Years Old

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Fear of Heights and Visual Height Intolerance in Children 8Ã¢ÂÂ10 Years Old