Motor Functions of the Basal Ganglia

DeLong, Mahlon R.; Georgopoulos, Apostolos P.

doi:10.1002/cphy.cp010221

Cited by 152 publications

(97 citation statements)

References 233 publications

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“…corticostriatal correlations. Dopaminergic projections to the striatum are affected by PD, and the caudate has been particularly implicated in cognitive functions (31,32). Greater caudate atrophy has been reported in PD dementia patients than in PD patients without dementia (33).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interregional Correlations in Parkinson Disease and Parkinson-related Dementia with Resting Functional MR Imaging

Seibert

Murphy²,

Kaestner³

et al. 2012

Radiology

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Purpose:To apply a recently developed native-space (or native-surface) method to compare resting functional magnetic resonance (MR) imaging correlations (functional connectivity) measured in patients with Parkinson-related dementia (PRD) to those measured in cognitively unimpaired, age-matched control subjects with or without Parkinson disease (PD). Materials and Methods:The study was approved by the institutional review board and complied with HIPAA regulations. Participants included cognitively unimpaired elderly individuals (n = 19), cognitively unimpaired patients with PD (n = 19), and patients with PRD (n = 18). Resting functional MR data were assessed by calculating correlation coefficients between blood oxygen level-dependent time series of a seed region and of other regions of interest selected a priori. Two seeds were used: a medial parietal region that contributes to the default network affected in Alzheimer disease and the caudate, which is affected by loss of dopaminergic inputs in PD. Correlation analyses were performed in the native space of individual subjects to avoid confounds from transformation to an average brain. Two-sample t tests were applied to data from each native-surface region of interest, and vertex-wise comparisons were made by using two-sample t tests at each vertex on the group surface; statistical results were corrected for multiple comparisons. Cortical thickness and striatal volumes were also compared across groups for the regions of interest. Results:Corticostriatal functional correlations were decreased in PRD patients relative to elderly control subjects in bilateral prefrontal regions; largest difference was observed in the right caudal middle frontal region (r = 0.48 in PRD patients and 0.81 in elderly control subjects, uncorrected P = .001). Conversely, there was no significant difference across groups in the strength of default-network correlations. There was also no significant difference across groups in cortical thickness or striatal volume. Conclusion:PRD was associated with selective disruption of corticostriatal resting functional MR imaging correlations, which suggests that resting functional MR imaging analyzed in subject-native space may be a useful biomarker in this disease. Additionally, at least in the present cohort, this technique was more sensitive to PRD changes than was quantitative structural MR imaging.q RSNA, 2012

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interregional Correlations in Parkinson Disease and Parkinson-related Dementia with Resting Functional MR Imaging

Seibert

Murphy²,

Kaestner³

et al. 2012

Radiology

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“…The resulting estimates of striatal organization provide a reference for exploring how the striatum contributes to processing motor, limbic, and heteromodal information through multiple large-scale corticostriatal circuits. somatotopy; limbic network; prefrontal cortex; association cortex; fMRI; functional connectivity; default network ANIMAL STUDIES and human patient cases demonstrate that the basal ganglia are involved in diverse functional domains including movement, cognition, and reward (Alexander et al 1986;DeLong and Georgopoulos 1981;Haber and Gdowski 2004;MacLean 1972). Providing an anatomical basis for functional diversity, tract-tracing studies show that the basal ganglia are connected to distributed regions of the cerebral cortex through multiple, partially parallel anatomical loops (Alexander et al 1986(Alexander et al , 1990.…”

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confidence: 99%

The organization of the human striatum estimated by intrinsic functional connectivity

Choi

Yeo

Buckner

2012

Journal of Neurophysiology

680

658

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Choi EY, Yeo BT, Buckner RL. The organization of the human striatum estimated by intrinsic functional connectivity. J Neurophysiol 108: 2242-2263, 2012. First published July 25, 2012 doi:10.1152/jn.00270.2012.-The striatum is connected to the cerebral cortex through multiple anatomical loops that process sensory, limbic, and heteromodal information. Tract-tracing studies in the monkey reveal that these corticostriatal connections form stereotyped patterns in the striatum. Here the organization of the striatum was explored in the human with resting-state functional connectivity MRI (fcMRI). Data from 1,000 subjects were registered with nonlinear deformation of the striatum in combination with surface-based alignment of the cerebral cortex. fcMRI maps derived from seed regions placed in the foot and tongue representations of the motor cortex yielded the expected inverted somatotopy in the putamen. fcMRI maps derived from the supplementary motor area were located medially to the primary motor representation, also consistent with anatomical studies. The topography of the complete striatum was estimated and replicated by assigning each voxel in the striatum to its most strongly correlated cortical network in two independent groups of 500 subjects. The results revealed at least five cortical zones in the striatum linked to sensorimotor, premotor, limbic, and two association networks with a topography globally consistent with monkey anatomical studies. The majority of the human striatum was coupled to cortical association networks. Examining these association networks further revealed details that fractionated the five major networks. The resulting estimates of striatal organization provide a reference for exploring how the striatum contributes to processing motor, limbic, and heteromodal information through multiple large-scale corticostriatal circuits. somatotopy; limbic network; prefrontal cortex; association cortex; fMRI; functional connectivity; default network ANIMAL STUDIES and human patient cases demonstrate that the basal ganglia are involved in diverse functional domains including movement, cognition, and reward (Alexander et al. 1986;DeLong and Georgopoulos 1981;Haber and Gdowski 2004;MacLean 1972). Providing an anatomical basis for functional diversity, tract-tracing studies show that the basal ganglia are connected to distributed regions of the cerebral cortex through multiple, partially parallel anatomical loops (Alexander et al. 1986(Alexander et al. , 1990. Each loop includes projections from the cerebral cortex, through the basal ganglia, to the thalamus, and back to the cerebral cortex. Cortical efferents to the striatum (the main input nucleus of the basal ganglia) form distinct patterns depending on their cortical origin. The posterior putamen and the dorsolateral anterior putamen receive projections from motor and motor association cortex, the central anterior striatum from cognitive regions including prefrontal cortex, and the ventral anterior striatum from regions associated with the limbic syste...

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“…The output neurons in the SNr and GP i share two important features: (1) they are GABAergic and inhibitory (Uno and Yoshida, 1975;Di Chiara et al, 1979;Yoshida and Omata, 1979), and (2) they fire tonically and rapidly (DeLong and Georgopoulos, 1981). The tonic firing is present even in vitro slice preparations (Nakanishi et al, 1987).…”

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confidence: 99%