Motor and Premotor Mechanisms of Licking

Travers, Joseph B.; DiNardo, Lisa; Karimnamazi, Hamid

doi:10.1016/s0149-7634(96)00045-0

Cited by 212 publications

(211 citation statements)

References 116 publications

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“…The lack of influence on ILIs less than 250 ms suggests that LiCl exposure did not significantly disrupt the rhythmic timing functions of the central pattern generator for licking in the reticular formation (Travers, Dinardo, & Karimnamazi, 1997) but rather affected processes that engage and disengage bursts of licking.…”

Section: Cta Microstructurementioning

confidence: 92%

Temporal and Qualitative Dynamics of Conditioned Taste Aversion Processing: Combined Generalization Testing and Licking Microstructure Analysis.

Baird

John

Nguyen

2005

Behavioral Neuroscience

133

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The pattern of licking microstructure during various phases of a conditioned taste aversion (CTA) was evaluated. In Experiment 1, rats ingested lithium chloride (LiCl) for 3 trials and were then offered sodium chloride (NaCl) or sucrose on 3 trials. A CTA to LiCl developed and generalized to NaCl but not to sucrose. CTA intake suppression was characterized by reductions in burst size, average ingestion rate, and intraburst lick rate, and increases in brief pauses and burst counts. Compared with previous studies, LiCl licking shifted from a pattern initially matching that for normally accepted NaCl to one matching licking for normally avoided quinine hydrochloride by the end of the 1st acquisition trial. In Experiment 2, a novel paradigm was developed to show that rats expressed CTA generalization within 9 min of their first LiCl access. These results suggest that licking microstructure analysis can be used to assay changes in hedonic evaluation caused by treatments that produce aversive states.

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Section: Cta Microstructurementioning

confidence: 92%

Temporal and Qualitative Dynamics of Conditioned Taste Aversion Processing: Combined Generalization Testing and Licking Microstructure Analysis.

Baird

John

Nguyen

2005

Behavioral Neuroscience

133

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“…These include sniffing and head movements (Welker, 1964), breathing (Welzl and Bures, 1977), and mastication (Travers et al, 1997). This suggests that the brainstem contains multiple pattern generators, each for a different motor action.…”

Section: Motor Control Of Exploratory Whiskingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biomechanics of the Vibrissa Motor Plant in Rat: Rhythmic Whisking Consists of Triphasic Neuromuscular Activity

Hill¹,

Bermejo²,

Zeigler³

et al. 2008

J. Neurosci.

138

188

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The biomechanics of a motor plant constrain the behavioral strategies that an animal has available to extract information from its environment. We used the rat vibrissa system as a model for active sensing and determined the pattern of muscle activity that drives rhythmic exploratory whisking. Our approach made use of electromyography to measure the activation of all relevant muscles in both head-fixed and unrestrained rats and two-dimensional imaging to monitor the position of the vibrissae in head-fixed rats. Our essential finding is that the periodic motion of the vibrissae and mystacial pad during whisking results from three phases of muscle activity. First, the vibrissae are thrust forward as the rostral extrinsic muscle, musculus (m.) nasalis, contracts to pull the pad and initiate protraction. Second, late in protraction, the intrinsic muscles pivot the vibrissae farther forward. Third, retraction involves the cessation of m. nasalis and intrinsic muscle activity and the contraction of the caudal extrinsic muscles m. nasolabialis and m. maxillolabialis to pull the pad and the vibrissae backward. We developed a biomechanical model of the whisking motor plant that incorporates the measured muscular mechanics along with movement vectors observed from direct muscle stimulation in anesthetized rats. The results of simulations of the model quantify how the combination of extrinsic and intrinsic muscle activity leads to an enhanced range of vibrissa motion than would be available from the intrinsic muscles alone.

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“…Unlike the pituitary control system, the mechanism that controls ingestive behavior is not localizable to an anatomically discrete substrate. First, the relevant motor neuron pools are situated in pontine, medullary, and spinal levels (43,53,187). More importantly, ingestive behavior is modulated less in relation to intensity of movement than to the engagement and disengagement of a pattern generator mechanism that establishes the rhythmic character of consummatory behavior and entrains, accordingly, the activity of jaw, tongue, and pharyngeal musculature.…”

Section: The Central Intake Control Axismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…More importantly, ingestive behavior is modulated less in relation to intensity of movement than to the engagement and disengagement of a pattern generator mechanism that establishes the rhythmic character of consummatory behavior and entrains, accordingly, the activity of jaw, tongue, and pharyngeal musculature. This pattern generator mechanism is itself distributed across a broad swath of brainstem tegmentum (32,187). Although there is a neurophysiological literature that characterizes endogenous brainstem, and descending, influences on elements of this premotor control system, we know little about where, and nothing about how, visceral afferent or interoceptor influences are translated into the dimensions [e.g, ingestion rate, burst/pause patterning within meals; see for example, (41) and (176)] along which ingestive behavior is modulated under physiological conditions.…”

Section: The Central Intake Control Axismentioning

confidence: 99%

The Neuroanatomical Axis for Control of Energy Balance

Grill

Kaplan

2002

Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology

351

219

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The hypothalamic feeding-center model, articulated in the 1950s, held that the hypothalamus contains the interoceptors sensitive to blood-borne correlates of available or stored fuels as well as the integrative substrates that process metabolic and visceral afferent signals and issue commands to brainstem mechanisms for the production of ingestive behavior. A number of findings reviewed here, however, indicate that sensory and integrative functions are distributed across a central control axis that includes critical substrates in the basal forebrain as well as in the caudal brainstem. First, the interoceptors relevant to energy balance are distributed more widely than had been previously thought, with a prominent brainstem complement of leptin and insulin receptors, glucose-sensing mechanisms, and neuropeptide mediators. The physiological relevance of this multiple representation is suggested by the demonstration that similar behavioral effects can be obtained independently by stimulation of respective forebrain and brainstem subpopulations of the same receptor types (e.g., leptin, CRH, and melanocortin). The classical hypothalamic model is also challenged by the integrative achievements of the chronically maintained, supracollicular decerebrate rat. Decerebrate and neurologically intact rats show similar discriminative responses to taste stimuli and are similarly sensitive to intake-inhibitory feedback from the gut. Thus, the caudal brainstem, in neural isolation from forebrain influence, is sufficient to mediate ingestive responses to a range of visceral afferent signals. The decerebrate rat, however, does not show a hyperphagic response to food deprivation, suggesting that interactions between forebrain and brainstem are necessary for the behavioral response to systemic/ metabolic correlates of deprivation in the neurologically intact rat. At the same time, however, there is evidence suggesting that hypothalamic-neuroendocrine responses to fasting depend on pathways ascending from brainstem. Results reviewed are consistent with a distributionist (as opposed to hierarchical) model for the control of energy balance that emphasizes: (i) control mechanisms endemic to hypothalamus and brainstem that drive their unique effector systems on the basis of local interoceptive, and in the brainstem case, visceral, afferent inputs and (ii) a set of uni-and bidirectional interactions that coordinate adaptive neuroendocrine, autonomic, and behavioral responses to changes in metabolic status. KEY WORDS: feeding behavior; leptin; glucose sensing; decerebrate; neuropeptide; hypothalamic model; caudal brainstem; energy balance.

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Motor and Premotor Mechanisms of Licking

Cited by 212 publications

References 116 publications

Temporal and Qualitative Dynamics of Conditioned Taste Aversion Processing: Combined Generalization Testing and Licking Microstructure Analysis.

Temporal and Qualitative Dynamics of Conditioned Taste Aversion Processing: Combined Generalization Testing and Licking Microstructure Analysis.

Biomechanics of the Vibrissa Motor Plant in Rat: Rhythmic Whisking Consists of Triphasic Neuromuscular Activity

The Neuroanatomical Axis for Control of Energy Balance

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