Motivationally Significant Self-control: Enhanced Action Withholding Involves the Right Inferior Frontal Junction

O’Connor, David; Upton, Daniel J.; Moore, Jennifer; Hester, Robert

doi:10.1162/jocn_a_00695

Cited by 21 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…Although the corresponding response signal might provide a stronger source of evidence for behavior selection in this case, it would be evidence in favor of inhibiting the response rather than executing it. This would be consistent with how the motivational aspects of reward modulate inhibitory processing in a stop-signal task (Schevernels et al, 2015) and go/no-go task (O’Connor, Upton, Moore, & Hester, 2015). Participants had ample time to prepare how they would react to stimuli of a particular color upon seeing the color cue at the beginning of each trial, but were unable to engage inhibitory processes in accordance with task goals when the stimuli were previously associated with reward.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 73%

Mechanisms of habitual approach: Failure to suppress irrelevant responses evoked by previously reward-associated stimuli.

Anderson¹,

Folk²,

Garrison³

et al. 2016

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General

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Reward learning has a powerful influence on the attention system, causing previously reward-associated stimuli to automatically capture attention. Difficulty ignoring stimuli associated with drug reward has been linked to addiction relapse, and the attention system of drug-dependent patients seems especially influenced by reward history. This and other evidence suggests that value-driven attention has consequences for behavior and decision-making, facilitating a bias to approach and consume the previously reward-associated stimulus even when doing so runs counter to current goals and priorities. Yet, a mechanism linking value-driven attention to behavioral responding and a general approach bias is lacking. Here we show that previously reward-associated stimuli escape inhibitory processing in a go/no-go task. Control experiments confirmed that this value-dependent failure of goal-directed inhibition could not be explained by search history or residual motivation, but depended specifically on the learned association between particular stimuli and reward outcome. When a previously high-value stimulus is encountered, the response codes generated by that stimulus are automatically afforded high priority, bypassing goal-directed cognitive processes involved in suppressing task-irrelevant behavior.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 73%

Mechanisms of habitual approach: Failure to suppress irrelevant responses evoked by previously reward-associated stimuli.

Anderson¹,

Folk²,

Garrison³

et al. 2016

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General

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show abstract

“…In brief, attention processing is a crucial factor in inhibition control, and the RR stimulus captures more attention, thus indirectly contributing to the enhancement of response inhibition. Based on this finding, we might conjecture that a dysfunction of inhibitory control may be compounded by other factors such as attentional capture rather than a dysfunction in motor inhibition per se (O'Connor et al , 2015). Indeed, recent computational work revealed that deficits characterized by response inhibition could be explained by factors such as motivation and attentional processing and their corresponding neural mechanisms (Wiecki and Frank, 2013).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Reward improves response inhibition by enhancing attentional capture

Wang

Braver

Yin

et al. 2018

Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience

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Reward plays a crucial role in enhancing response inhibition. While it is generally assumed that the process of response inhibition involves attentional capture and the stopping of action, it is unclear whether this reflects a direct impact of reward on response inhibition or rather an indirect mediation via attentional capture. Here, we employed a revised stop-signal task (SST) that separated these two cognitive elements, by including a continue signal that required the same motor response as in go trials, but also attention to a cue, as in stop trials. We first confirmed the engagement of the right inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) during stop and continue trials, both of which required the attentional capture of the task-relevant cue, but only one of which required motor inhibition. The pre-supplementary motor area (pre-SMA) was specifically activated by the contrast of the stop trials with the continue trials. The results indicated that the IFG played an important role in attentional capture by unexpected stimuli, while the pre-SMA was responsible for the direct control of motor inhibition. Behavioral performance of the SST was improved by reward, and moreover, reward induced an increase in IFG activity. In addition, this advantageous reward effect was associated with enhanced connectivity between the anterior cingulate cortex and the IFG. These results indicated that the reward facilitation effect on response inhibition was indirect, occurring via a change in attentional processing. The present data confirm the specific function of the IFG and pre-SMA in response inhibition and provide straightforward evidence that reward can increase attentional capture-related activation in the IFG, which in turn improves the performance of response inhibition.

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“…This finding is approximately consistent with a key role of the lateral PFC in conscious perception in humans (Dehaene et al, 2006;Brown et al, 2019) and monkeys (Panagiotaropoulos et al, 2012;van Vugt et al, 2018;Kapoor et al, 2020). However, it could also be associated with the role of the IFJ in cognitive control and task switching (Brass et al, 2005) and/or action withholding (O'Connor et al, 2015); whereas inattentionally blind subjects were not distracted from the dot task, aware subjects had to actively inhibit the irrelevant faces to perform the distractor task adequately. In fact, the unheralded faces may have acquired some implicit relevance (Block, 2019), since synchronized IFJ and FG activity has specifically been shown to represent object-based attention to faces (Baldauf and Desimone, 2014).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dissociating the Neural Correlates of Consciousness and Task Relevance in Face Perception Using Simultaneous EEG-fMRI

et al. 2021

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Current theories of visual consciousness disagree about whether it emerges during early stages of processing in sensory brain regions or later when a widespread frontoparietal network becomes involved. Moreover, disentangling conscious perception from task-related postperceptual processes (e.g., report) and integrating results across different neuroscientific methods remain ongoing challenges. The present study addressed these problems using simultaneous EEG-fMRI and a specific inattentional blindness paradigm with three physically identical phases in female and male human participants. In phase 1, participants performed a distractor task during which line drawings of faces and control stimuli were presented centrally. While some participants spontaneously noticed the faces in phase 1, others remained inattentionally blind. In phase 2, all participants were made aware of the task-irrelevant faces but continued the distractor task. In phase 3, the faces became taskrelevant. Bayesian analysis of brain responses demonstrated that conscious face perception was most strongly associated with activation in fusiform gyrus (fMRI) as well as the N170 and visual awareness negativity (EEG). Smaller awareness effects were revealed in the occipital and prefrontal cortex (fMRI). Task-relevant face processing, on the other hand, led to strong, extensive activation of occipitotemporal, frontoparietal, and attentional networks (fMRI). In EEG, it enhanced early negativities and elicited a pronounced P3b component. Overall, we provide evidence that conscious visual perception is linked with early processing in stimulus-specific sensory brain areas but may additionally involve prefrontal cortex. In contrast, the strong activation of widespread brain networks and the P3b are more likely associated with task-related processes.

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Motivationally Significant Self-control: Enhanced Action Withholding Involves the Right Inferior Frontal Junction

Cited by 21 publications

References 58 publications

Mechanisms of habitual approach: Failure to suppress irrelevant responses evoked by previously reward-associated stimuli.

Mechanisms of habitual approach: Failure to suppress irrelevant responses evoked by previously reward-associated stimuli.

Reward improves response inhibition by enhancing attentional capture

Dissociating the Neural Correlates of Consciousness and Task Relevance in Face Perception Using Simultaneous EEG-fMRI

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