Motivation of extended behaviors by anterior cingulate cortex

Holroyd, Clay B.; Yeung, Nick

doi:10.1016/j.tics.2011.12.008

Cited by 539 publications

(521 citation statements)

References 66 publications

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“…According to Holroyd and Yeung (2012), the ACC associates outcome values with different response options, and chooses the appropriate option for the current environmental state. Via this process the ACC thus contributes to making a decision.…”

Section: Accepted Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influences of unconscious priming on voluntary actions: Role of the rostral cingulate zone

et al. 2016

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The ability to make voluntary, free choices is fundamental to what it means to be human. A key brain region that is involved in free choices is the rostral cingulate zone (RCZ), which is part of the medial frontal cortex. Previous research has shown that activity in this brain region can be modulated by bottom-up information while making free choices. The current study extends those findings, and shows, for the first time, that activation in the RCZ can also be modulated by subliminal information. We used a subliminal response priming paradigm to bias free and cued choices. We observed more activation in the RCZ when participants made a choice that went against the prime's suggestion, compared to when they chose according to the prime. This shows that the RCZ plays an important role in overcoming externally-triggered conflict between different response options, even when the stimuli triggering this conflict are not consciously perceived. Our results suggest that an important mechanism of endogenous action in the RCZ may therefore involve exerting an internally-generated action choice against conflicting influences, such as external sensory evidence. We further found that subliminal information also modulated activity in the anterior insula and the supramarginal gyrus.

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Section: Accepted Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influences of unconscious priming on voluntary actions: Role of the rostral cingulate zone

et al. 2016

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This reward prediction error (RPE) signal is thought to have an interplay with prefrontal cortical areas such as the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) [14,17,18]. This frontostriatal circuit with dopaminergic activation plays an essential role in reward seeking behavior and decision making [19,20], and the ERPs related to feedback evaluation, like the FRN and the reward positivity, are assumed to be the correlates of the activity of this dopaminergic circuit [17,21,22].The FRN occurring at approximately 250 ms after feedback onset corresponds mainly to the erroneous nature of the outcome [22,23]. Contrary to this, the reward positivity (occurring in a similar time window as the FRN) is elicited by positive feedback informing about reward [24][25][26].…”

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confidence: 99%

Age-related characteristics of risky decision-making and progressive expectation formation

Kardos

Kóbor

Takács

et al. 2016

Behavioural Brain Research

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During daily encounters, it is inevitable that people take risks. Investigating the sequential processing of risk hazards involve expectation formation about outcome contingencies. The present study aimed to explore risk behavior and its neural correlates in sequences of decision making, particularly in old age, which represents a critical period regarding risk-taking propensity. The Balloon Analogue Risk Task was used in an electrophysiological setting with young and elderly age groups. During the task each additional pump on a virtual balloon increased the likelihood of a balloon burst but also increased the chance to collect more reward. Event-related potentials associated with rewarding feedback were analyzed based on the forthcoming decisions (whether to continue or to stop) in order to differentiate between states of expectation towards gain or loss. In the young, the reward positivity ERP component increased as a function of reward contingencies with the largest amplitude for rewarding feedback followed by the decision to stop. In the elderly, however, reward positivity did not reflect the effect of reward structure. Behavioral indices of risk-taking propensity suggest that the performance of the young and the elderly were dissociable only with respect to response times: The elderly was characterized by hesitation and more deliberative decision making throughout the experiment. These findings signify that sequential tracking of outcome contingencies has a key role in cost-efficient action planning and progressive expectation formation.Keywords: Aging; Decision making; Feedback-related ERPs; Reward positivity; Risk-taking behavior Whether we are aware of the fact or not, risk-taking behavior occurs more frequently during our everyday actions than generally thought. Besides those simple and common examples like taking only one more drink before driving, a temporary excursion from one's self-regulatory goals, i.e., risking the long-term goals for short-term advantages such as making a cheat in a diet, can be considered as a more complex form of 'gambling' [1]. Risk-taking behavior can be defined as a decision making propensity motivated by gain reward beside the possible opportunity to lose [2][3][4]. Since natural circumstances usually include continuous fluctuations in risk, the ability of making decisions based on the acquisition of action-outcome contingencies is an essential part of adaptive risk behavior [5]. In particular, old age represents a critical period due to substantial neurocognitive changes having an effect on both frontal cortical and subcortical brain areas known to be involved in decision making [6,7]. The question remains, however, whether there is a specific inability of the acquisition of relevant information behind the possibly reduced decision quality of the elderly.From the perspective of self-report questionnaires, elderly are characterized by higher risk-avoidance tendency [8]. However, regarding risk behavior, results show evidence for both normal and altered patterns of ...

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“…Thus, it has been suggested that the oral detection of glucose by taste receptors replenishes by stimulating areas of the brain that and the ventral striatum (Chambers et al, 2009), which are two regions of the brain involved in the representation of food rewards (Rolls, 2007), and are likewise involved in the motivation and regulation of goal-oriented behavior (Holroyd and Yeung, 2012;Harsay et al, 2011). Glucose also elicits the release of dopamine in the medial prefrontal cortex (Touzani et al, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self-regulatory depletion in dogs: Insulin release is not necessary for the replenishment of persistence

Miller

Pattison

Laude

et al. 2015

Behavioural Processes

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It has been hypothesized that self-control is constrained by a limited energy resource that can be depleted through exertion. Once depleted, this resource can be replenished by the consumption or even the taste of glucose. For example, the need to inhibit reduces subsequent persistence at problem solving by humans and dogs, an effect that is not observed when a glucose drink (but not placebo) is administered following initial inhibition. The mechanism for replenishment by glucose is currently unknown. Energy transfer is not necessary, though insulin secretion may be involved. This possibility was investigated in the current study by having dogs exert self-control (sit-stay) and subsequently giving them (1) glucose that causes the release of insulin, (2) fructose that does not result in the release of insulin nor does it affect glucose levels (but is a carbohydrate), or (3) a calorie-free drink. Persistence measures indicated that both glucose and fructose replenished canine persistence, whereas the calorie-free drink did not. These results indicate that insulin release is probably not necessary for the replenishment that is presumed to be responsible for the increase in persistence.(182 words)

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Motivation of extended behaviors by anterior cingulate cortex

Cited by 539 publications

References 66 publications

Influences of unconscious priming on voluntary actions: Role of the rostral cingulate zone

Influences of unconscious priming on voluntary actions: Role of the rostral cingulate zone

Age-related characteristics of risky decision-making and progressive expectation formation

Self-regulatory depletion in dogs: Insulin release is not necessary for the replenishment of persistence

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