Motivation by potential gains and losses affects control processes via different mechanisms in the attentional network

Paschke, Lena M.; Walter, Henrik; Steimke, Rosa; Ludwig, Vera U.; Gaschler, Robert; Schubert, Torsten; Stelzel, Christine

doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.02.047

Cited by 38 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 102 publications

(148 reference statements)

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“…Moreover, the implementation of a neutral condition might have increased the motivational value of the avoid‐losing condition to a similar level as the win condition, which is suggested by smaller reaction times on both go to win and go to avoid‐losing trials compared to go neutral trials. Of note, similar behavioral results for potential monetary gain and potential monetary loss have been found previously (Carter, MacInnes, Huettel, & Adcock, ; Engelmann, Damaraju, Padmala, & Pessoa, ; but see Ivanov et al, ; Paschke et al, ; Potts, ). Given these differences, our failure to replicate the asymmetrical valence effect on go accuracy might very well not translate into a challenge of its validity (also note that on the neural level we did observe some interactions between action and valence, see below).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Preparing for (valenced) action: The role of differential effort in the orthogonalized go/no‐go task

et al. 2015

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Associating reward to task performance has been shown to benefit scores of cognitive functions. Importantly, this typically entails associating reward to the execution of a response, hence intertwining action-related processes with motivational ones. However, recently, preparatory action requirements (go/no-go) and outcome valence (reward/ punishment) were elegantly separated using a cued orthogonalized go/no-go task. Functional magnetic resonance imaging results from this task showed that typical areas of the "reward network," like the dopaminergic midbrain and the striatum, predominantly encode action rather than valence, displaying enhanced activity when preparing for action (go) compared to inaction (no-go). In the current study, we used ERPs to probe for differences in preparatory state related to cognitive effort in this task, which has similarly been linked to reward-network activity. Importantly, the contingent negative variation, which is linked to effortful cognitive preparation processes during cue-target intervals, was clearly observed in go trials but not in no-go trials. Moreover, target-locked ERP results (N1 and P3) suggested that attention to the target was enhanced when an action had to be performed (go trials), and typical inhibition-related ERP components were not observed in no-go trials, suggesting a lack of active response inhibition. Finally, feedback-related P3 results could suggest that correct feedback was valued more in motivated go trials, again implying that more effort was required to correctly perform the task. Together, these results indicate that the anticipation of action compared to inaction simultaneously entails differences in mental effort, highlighting the need for further dissociation of these concepts.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Preparing for (valenced) action: The role of differential effort in the orthogonalized go/no‐go task

et al. 2015

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“…However, the DPX task does have a built in control for these versions of the generalized deficit and behavioral data suggest a specific deficit in cognitive control rather than simply a change in motivation. Nonetheless it will be important to examine these issues in future studies because positive emotional valuation, and greater experience of reward during task performance may lead to greater activation of the cognitive control network (Botvinick and Braver, 2015, Dixon, 2015, Paschke et al, 2015). Because it is well known that schizophrenia patients are characterized by reduced intrinsic motivation for many tasks, and reduced response to positive reward (Silverstein, 2010, Strauss et al, 2014a), it will also be important to determine if network abnormalities observed in this study are robust to changes in motivational state.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional network changes and cognitive control in schizophrenia

Ray

Lesh

Howell

et al. 2017

NeuroImage: Clinical

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Cognitive control is a cognitive and neural mechanism that contributes to managing the complex demands of day-to-day life. Studies have suggested that functional impairments in cognitive control associated brain circuitry contribute to a broad range of higher cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. To examine this issue, we assessed functional connectivity networks in healthy adults and individuals with schizophrenia performing tasks from two distinct cognitive domains that varied in demands for cognitive control, the RiSE episodic memory task and DPX goal maintenance task. We characterized general and cognitive control-specific effects of schizophrenia on functional connectivity within an expanded frontal parietal network (FPN) and quantified network topology properties using graph analysis. Using the network based statistic (NBS), we observed greater network functional connectivity in cognitive control demanding conditions during both tasks in both groups in the FPN, and demonstrated cognitive control FPN specificity against a task independent auditory network. NBS analyses also revealed widespread connectivity deficits in schizophrenia patients across all tasks. Furthermore, quantitative changes in network topology associated with diagnostic status and task demand were observed. The present findings, in an analysis that was limited to correct trials only, ensuring that subjects are on task, provide critical insights into network connections crucial for cognitive control and the manner in which brain networks reorganize to support such control. Impairments in this mechanism are present in schizophrenia and these results highlight how cognitive control deficits contribute to the pathophysiology of this illness.

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“…The IFJ is broadly implicated in a range of executive operations including task-set updating, attentional control, and conflict processing 32, 33, 45–47 . In line with these functions of the IFJ, the current PRL task and especially the relevant lose-shift condition requires updating the values of the choice options and inhibiting the choice of the previously higher valued stimulus in order to maximize monetary gain.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neural correlates of altered feedback learning in women recovered from anorexia nervosa

Ritschel

Geisler

King

et al. 2017

Sci Rep

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Anorexia nervosa (AN) is associated with exaggerated self-control and altered reward-based decision making, but the underlying neural mechanisms are poorly understood. Consistent with the notion of excessive cognitive control, we recently found increased dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) activation in acutely ill patients (acAN) on lose-shift trials in a probabilistic reversal learning (PRL) task. However, undernutrition may modulate brain function. In attempt to disentangle trait from state factors, the current fMRI study investigated cognitive control in recovered patients (recAN). Thirty-one recAN and 31 healthy controls (HC) completed a PRL task during fMRI. Based on previous findings, we focused on hemodynamic responses during lose-shift behaviour and conducted supplementary functional connectivity analysis. RecAN showed elevated lose-shift behaviour relative to HC. On the neural level, recAN showed normal dACC responses, but increased activation in fronto-parietal control regions. A trend for increased coupling between frontal and parietal regions of interest was also evident in recAN. The current findings in recAN differ from those in our previous study in acAN. While aberrant dACC response to negative feedback may be a correlate of the underweight state in acAN, impaired behavioural adaptation and elevated activation of cognitive control regions in recAN is suggestive of altered neural efficiency.

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Motivation by potential gains and losses affects control processes via different mechanisms in the attentional network

Cited by 38 publications

References 102 publications

Preparing for (valenced) action: The role of differential effort in the orthogonalized go/no‐go task

Preparing for (valenced) action: The role of differential effort in the orthogonalized go/no‐go task

Functional network changes and cognitive control in schizophrenia

Neural correlates of altered feedback learning in women recovered from anorexia nervosa

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