Motion on the Kaparelli fault (Greece) prior to the 1981 earthquake sequence determined from <sup>36</sup>Cl cosmogenic dating

Benedetti, Lucilla; Finkel, Robert C.; King, Geoffrey; Armijo, Rolando; Papanastassiou, D.; Ryerson, Frederick J.; Flérit, F.; Farber, Daniel L.; Stavrakakis, G.

doi:10.1046/j.1365-3121.2003.00474.x

Cited by 78 publications

(67 citation statements)

References 21 publications

(41 reference statements)

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“…Over the last 10 years, in situ 36 Cl has been used to recover the Holocene seismic history of normal faults in the Mediterranean [ Gran Mitchell et al ., ; Benedetti et al ., , ; Palumbo et al ., ; Schlagenhauf et al ., , ]. Large earthquake events that expose previously buried limestone can be dated from the in situ‐produced 36 Cl concentrations that have accumulated in the exposed fault scarp rocks and the slips they produced at the surface can be measured.…”

Section: CL Analysis: Sites Modeling and Derived Exhumation Eventsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Earthquake synchrony and clustering on Fucino faults (Central Italy) as revealed from in situ³⁶Cl exposure dating

et al. 2013

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[1] We recover the Holocene earthquake history of seven seismogenic normal faults in the Fucino system, central Italy. We collected 800 samples from the well-preserved limestone scarps of the faults and modeled their 36 Cl concentrations to derive their seismic exhumation history. We found that > 30 large earthquakes broke the faults in synchrony over the last 12 ka. The seven faults released strain at the same periods of time, 12-9 ka, 5-3 ka, and 1.5-1 ka. On all faults, the strain accumulation and release occurred in 3-6 ka supercycles, each included a 3-5 ka phase of slow (≤ 0.5-2 mm/yr) strain accumulation in relative quiescence, followed by a cluster of three to four large earthquakes or earthquake sequences that released most of the strain in < 1-2 ka. The large earthquakes repeated every 0.5 ± 0.3 ka during the paroxysmal phases and every 4.3 ± 0.9 ka between those phases. Earthquakes on the northern faults produced twice larger surface slips (~2 m) and had larger magnitudes (Mw 6.2-6.7) than those on the southern faults. On most faults, the relative strain level was found to control the amount of slip and the time of occurrence of the next large earthquake. Faults entered a phase of clustered activity once they had reached a specific relative strain threshold. The Tre Monti fault is identified as the most prone to break over the next century. Our data document earthquake synchrony and clustering at a broader space and time scale than has been reported to date.

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Section: CL Analysis: Sites Modeling and Derived Exhumation Eventsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We have pioneered the development and use of this method [ Benedetti et al . , ; Palumbo et al . ; Schlagenhauf et al ., , ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Earthquake synchrony and clustering on Fucino faults (Central Italy) as revealed from in situ³⁶Cl exposure dating

et al. 2013

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“…The application of TCNs to neotectonics is a powerful new method for determining paleoseismic histories and slip rates of normal faults due to the increasing precision of TCN measurements and continuous refi nement of TCN production models (e.g., for 36 Cl; cf. Zreda and Noller, 1998;Mitchell et al, 2001;Benedetti et al, 2002Benedetti et al, , 2003Palumbo et al, 2004;Schlagenhauf et al, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

36Cl exposure dating of paleoearthquakes in the Eastern Mediterranean: First results from the western Anatolian Extensional Province, Manisa fault zone, Turkey

Akçar

Tikhomirov

Özkaymak

et al. 2012

Geological Society of America Bulletin

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Based on historical and instrumental data, societies in the Eastern Mediterranean and MiddleEast have survived at least 150 large earthquakes (generally M > 6) during the past 2500 yr. Beyond this time span, an earthquake chronology is mostly unknown, which hampers the production of reliable long-term earthquake models. Since the only remaining evidence of seismic activity is a bedrock scarp, cosmogenic 36 Cl is the only suitable nuclide to be applied in the determination of the seismic history and slip rate of an active limestone fault plane. In this study, we focus on the 4-m-high Mugırtepe fault scarp within the active Manisa fault zone in western Anatolia, one of the most seismically active and rapidly extending regions in the world. We analyzed 44 samples in two slightly overlapping strips, which in total covered 2.65 m of the fault scarp. In order to determine the timing and the amount of slip of the paleoseismic events, we analyzed the measured 36 Cl concentrations using the Schlagenhauf Matlab ® code. We used two different scenarios based on two different inherited 36 Cl concentrations as constrained by our data and modeling. The best fi t for the fi rst scenario yields two seismic events, one at 13.7 ± 0.8 ka with a displacement of 0.5 ± 0.2 m and one at 7.8 ± 0.5 ka with 2.15 ± 0.35 m offset. For the second scenario, we obtained a single seismic event at 8.6 ± 0.6 ka with 2.65 ± 0.35 m of slip. These results indicate that the visible part of the Mugırtepe exposed fault scarp had achieved most of its displacement already by 8 ka. Initial surface faulting at Mugırtepe occurred not later than around 14 ka, and marked seismic activity continued until around 8 ka. Our fi rst results from the western Anatolian Extensional Province show the ability to reveal periods of enhanced seismic activity beyond historical data using cosmogenic 36 Cl.

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“…Those discontinuities reflect boundaries between each major earthquake rupture, while the vertical separation between two successive discontinuities provides a measure of the displacements produced by the earthquakes. The few pioneer studies performed with the 36 Cl method have demonstrated the validity of this theoretical framework showing that the 36 Cl dating approach is a powerful way to find the number, age and displacement of the last few major earthquakes (Mitchell et al 2001;Benedetti et al 2002Benedetti et al , 2003Palumbo et al 2004).…”

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confidence: 96%

Using in situ Chlorine-36 cosmonuclide to recover past earthquake histories on limestone normal fault scarps: a reappraisal of methodology and interpretations

Schlagenhauf

Gaudemer

Benedetti

et al. 2010

Geophysical Journal International

222

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International audienceCosmic-ray exposure dating of preserved, seismically exhumed limestone normal fault scarps has been used to identify the last few major earthquakes on seismogenic faults and recover their ages and displacements through the modelling of the content of in situ [36Cl] cosmonuclide of the scarp rocks. However, previous studies neglected some parameters that contribute to 36Cl accumulation and the uncertainties on the inferred earthquake parameters were not discussed. To better constrain earthquake parameters and to explore the limits of this palaeoseismological method, we developed a Matlab® modelling code (provided in Supplementary information) that includes all the factors that may affect [36Cl] observed in seismically exhumed limestone fault scarp rocks. Through a series of synthetic profiles, we examine the effects of each factor on the resulting [36Cl], and quantify the uncertainties related to the variability of those factors. Those most affecting the concentrations are rock composition, site location, shielding resulting from the geometry of the fault scarp and associated colluvium, and scarp denudation. In addition, 36Cl production mechanisms and rates are still being refined, but the importance of these epistemic uncertainties is difficult to assess. We then examine how pre-exposure and exposure histories of fault-zone materials are expressed in [36Cl] profiles. We show that the 36Cl approach allows unambiguous discrimination of sporadic slip versus continuous creep on these faults. It allows identification of the large slip events that have contributed to the scarp exhumation, and provides their displacement with an uncertainty of +/- ~25 cm and their age with an uncertainty of +/-0.5-1.0 kyr. By contrast, the modelling cannot discriminate whether a slip event is a single event or is composed of multiple events made of temporally clustered smaller size events. As a result, the number of earthquakes identified is always a minimum, while the estimated displacements are maximum bounds and the ages the approximate times when a large earthquake or a cluster of smaller earthquakes have occurred. We applied our approach to a data set available on the Magnola normal fault, Central Italy, including new samples from the buried part of the scarp. Reprocessing of the data helps to refine the seismic history of the fault and quantify the uncertainties in the number of earthquakes, their ages and displacements. We find that the Magnola fault has ruptured during at least five large earthquakes or earthquake clusters in the last 7 ka, and may presently be in a phase of intense activity

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Motion on the Kaparelli fault (Greece) prior to the 1981 earthquake sequence determined from ³⁶Cl cosmogenic dating

Cited by 78 publications

References 21 publications

Earthquake synchrony and clustering on Fucino faults (Central Italy) as revealed from in situ³⁶Cl exposure dating

Earthquake synchrony and clustering on Fucino faults (Central Italy) as revealed from in situ³⁶Cl exposure dating

36Cl exposure dating of paleoearthquakes in the Eastern Mediterranean: First results from the western Anatolian Extensional Province, Manisa fault zone, Turkey

Using in situ Chlorine-36 cosmonuclide to recover past earthquake histories on limestone normal fault scarps: a reappraisal of methodology and interpretations

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Motion on the Kaparelli fault (Greece) prior to the 1981 earthquake sequence determined from 36Cl cosmogenic dating

Cited by 78 publications

References 21 publications

Earthquake synchrony and clustering on Fucino faults (Central Italy) as revealed from in situ36Cl exposure dating

Earthquake synchrony and clustering on Fucino faults (Central Italy) as revealed from in situ36Cl exposure dating

36Cl exposure dating of paleoearthquakes in the Eastern Mediterranean: First results from the western Anatolian Extensional Province, Manisa fault zone, Turkey

Using in situ Chlorine-36 cosmonuclide to recover past earthquake histories on limestone normal fault scarps: a reappraisal of methodology and interpretations

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Motion on the Kaparelli fault (Greece) prior to the 1981 earthquake sequence determined from ³⁶Cl cosmogenic dating

Earthquake synchrony and clustering on Fucino faults (Central Italy) as revealed from in situ³⁶Cl exposure dating

Earthquake synchrony and clustering on Fucino faults (Central Italy) as revealed from in situ³⁶Cl exposure dating