Motion‐correction Techniques for Standing Equine Mri

McKnight, Alexia L.; Manduca, Armando; Felmlee, Joel P.; Rossman, Philip J.; McGee, Kiaran P.; Ehman, Richard L.

doi:10.1111/j.1740-8261.2004.04087.x

Cited by 18 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Other areas of the distal limb are now being imaged 12,27–29 . Enhancement of hardware and software, and development of motion correction sequences for use in low‐field systems, have led to improved images of the equine limb proximal to the foot without an increase acquisition time 30 . This has allowed clinical use of low‐field systems to the level of the carpus and tarsus in adult horses.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Osseous Lesions in the Metacarpo(tarso)phalangeal Joint Diagnosed Using Low‐field Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Standing Horses

Sherlock

Mair

Braake

2008

Vet Radiology Ultrasound

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We report the use of low-field standing magnetic resonance imaging in the standing horse for the diagnosis of osseous lesions in the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) or metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint that were not apparent using standard radiography. Thirteen horses were studied and all had thickening of the subchondral bone plate and abnormal signal intensity in the adjacent spongiosa in either the condyles of metacarpal/metatarsal III or the proximal phalanx or both. Abnormalities were characterized by diffuse decreased signal intensity on T1-weighting adjacent to the subchondral bone and within the spongiosa in at least two imaging planes; in the absence of increases in signal intensity in fat-suppressed images, this change was interpreted as bone sclerosis. Nine horses also had a diffuse decreased signal intensity on T2 Ã -weighting in the same areas and five had a diffuse increase in signal intensity in fat-suppressed images in conjunction with a decrease in signal intensity on T1-and T2 Ã -weighted images; the increase in signal intensity in fat-suppressed images was interpreted as fluid accumulation. Five horses had a focal area of change in signal intensity within the subchondral bone with apparent loss of definition between the subchondral bone and the articular cartilage. Eleven horses were available for follow up, of which eight were sound and three remained lame. We conclude that lameness originating from the MCP or MTP joint may be associated with osseous damage in horses of any signalment in the absence of radiographic changes.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Osseous Lesions in the Metacarpo(tarso)phalangeal Joint Diagnosed Using Low‐field Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Standing Horses

Sherlock

Mair

Braake

2008

Vet Radiology Ultrasound

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“…Use of the tibiotarsal joint in horses does permit in vivo MRI for longitudinal evaluations. 90,91 The equine tibiotarsal joint is smaller than the stifle joint with thinner cartilage. However, arthroscopic procedures to this joint are also performed clinically.…”

Section: Horsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Animal Models for Cartilage Regeneration and Repair

Chu

Szczodry

Bruno

2010

Tissue Engineering Part B: Reviews

455

451

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cartilage injury and degeneration are leading causes of disability. Animal studies are critically important to developing effective treatments for cartilage injuries. This review focuses on the use of animal models for the study of the repair and regeneration of focal cartilage defects. Animals commonly used in cartilage repair studies include murine, lapine, canine, caprine, porcine, and equine models. There are advantages and disadvantages to each model. Small animal rodent and lapine models are cost effective, easy to house, and useful for pilot and proof-of-concept studies. The availability of transgenic and knockout mice provide opportunities for mechanistic in vivo study. Athymic mice and rats are additionally useful for evaluating the cartilage repair potential of human cells and tissues. Their small joint size, thin cartilage, and greater potential for intrinsic healing than humans, however, limit the translational value of small animal models. Large animal models with thicker articular cartilage permit study of both partial thickness and full thickness chondral repair, as well as osteochondral repair. Joint size and cartilage thickness for canine, caprine, and mini-pig models remain significantly smaller than that of humans. The repair and regeneration of chondral and osteochondral defects of size and volume comparable to that of clinically significant human lesions can be reliably studied primarily in equine models. While larger animals may more closely approximate the human clinical situation, they carry greater logistical, financial, and ethical considerations. A multifactorial analysis of each animal model should be carried out when planning in vivo studies. Ultimately, the scientific goals of the study will be critical in determining the appropriate animal model.

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“…Joints were fixed in place in the isocentre of the magnetic field to prevent motion during examination. Motion during acquisition is practically impossible to avoid during standing MRI examinations of the proximal regions of the leg in live horses . Although the tarsal joints in our study were in an upright position in the magnet there was no force applied to the tarsal joints to mimic normal weightbearing and thus it is more likely that synovial fluid will collect between the articular surfaces compared with a live standing horse .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%