Motion changes response balance between ON and OFF visual pathways

Luo-Li, Gloria; Mazade, Reece; Zaidi, Qasim; Alonso, José‐Manuel; Freeman, Alan W.

doi:10.1038/s42003-018-0066-y

Cited by 12 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…stimuli (Luo-Li et al, 2018), and human visual acuity can be preserved in the absence of ON pathway (Dryja et al, 2005). Moreover, genetic defects of the ON pathway can cause nystagmus in humans (Dryja et al, 2005), which is a deficit in retinal image stabilization.…”

Section: On and Off Functional Specialization In Different Speciesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several lines of evidence indicate that ON cortical responses may play an important role in signaling slow motion in visual scenes. Flies rely on the ON pathway to detect slow image motion (Leonhardt et al, 2016), and humans are more accurate at detecting light than dark slow-moving bars (Luo-Li et al, 2018). In rodents and lagomorphs, direction-selective ON retinal ganglion cells show a preference for slow velocities (Oyster, 1968;Sun et al, 2015), and, without the ON pathway, zebrafish lose the optokinetic reflex triggered by slow directional motion (Emran et al, 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Functional Specialization of ON and OFF Cortical Pathways for Global-Slow and Local-Fast Vision

et al. 2019

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Graphical AbstractHighlights d Small fast stimuli drive stronger OFF than ON cortical responses.d Large long-lasting stimuli suppress more OFF than ON cortical responses.d ON/OFF spatiotemporal asymmetries are preserved across a wide luminance range.d ON and OFF cortical pathways are specialized in global-slow and local-fast vision. SUMMARYVisual information is processed in the cortex by ON and OFF pathways that respond to light and dark stimuli. Responses to darks are stronger, faster, and driven by a larger number of cortical neurons than responses to lights. Here, we demonstrate that these light-dark cortical asymmetries reflect a functional specialization of ON and OFF pathways for different stimulus properties. We show that large long-lasting stimuli drive stronger cortical responses when they are light, whereas small fast stimuli drive stronger cortical responses when they are dark. Moreover, we show that these light-dark asymmetries are preserved under a wide variety of luminance conditions that range from photopic to low mesopic light. Our results suggest that ON and OFF pathways extract different spatiotemporal information from visual scenes, making OFF local-fast signals better suited to maximize visual acuity and ON globalslow signals better suited to guide the eye movements needed for retinal image stabilization.

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Section: On and Off Functional Specialization In Different Speciesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional Specialization of ON and OFF Cortical Pathways for Global-Slow and Local-Fast Vision

et al. 2019

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“…Recent studies demonstrate that the cortical segregation of ON and OFF pathways may be as pronounced as the segregation for contralateral/ipsilateral eyes or magnocellular/parvocellular pathways (Jin et al, 2011a;Kremkow et al, 2016;Lee et al, 2016). Recent work is also revealing pronounced functional differences between ON and OFF cortical pathways, with low spatial frequencies, optical blur and low light making vision more OFF dominated (Onat et al, 2011;Kremkow et al, 2014;Pons et al, 2017;Jansen et al, 2019) and slow motion making vision and cortical responses more ON dominated (Luo-Li et al, 2018;Mazade et al, 2019). Therefore, our results may inspire a new generation of amblyopia treatments that can take advantage of the different ON and OFF stimulus preferences to selectively strengthen a weak ON cortical pathway.…”

Section: Future Amblyopia Treatmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Amblyopia Affects the ON Visual Pathway More than the OFF

et al. 2019

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Visual information reaches the cerebral cortex through parallel ON and OFF pathways that signal the presence of light and dark stimuli in visual scenes. We have previously demonstrated that optical blur reduces visual salience more for light than dark stimuli because it removes the high spatial frequencies from the stimulus, and low spatial frequencies drive weaker ON than OFF cortical responses. Therefore, we hypothesized that sustained optical blur during brain development should weaken ON cortical pathways more than OFF, increasing the dominance of darks in visual perception. Here we provide support for this hypothesis in humans with anisometropic amblyopia who suffered sustained optical blur early after birth in one of the eyes. In addition, we show that the dark dominance in visual perception also increases in strabismic amblyopes that have their vision to high spatial frequencies reduced by mechanisms not associated with optical blur. Together, we show that amblyopia increases visual dark dominance by 3-10 times and that the increase in dark dominance is strongly correlated with amblyopia severity. These results can be replicated with a computational model that uses greater luminance/response saturation in ON than OFF pathways and, as a consequence, reduces more ON than OFF cortical responses to stimuli with low spatial frequencies. We conclude that amblyopia affects the ON cortical pathway more than the OFF, a finding that could have implications for future amblyopia treatments.

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“…The low-level neuronal mechanisms and structures of motion detectors that can detect both these types of motions, have been the focus of numerous studies (Salazar-Gatzimas et al 2018;Clark et al 2011;Tuthill, Chiappe, and Reiser 2011;Theobald 2018;Luo-Li et al 2018;Mo and Koch 2003;Leonhardt et al 2017;Yang and Clandinin 2018). The pioneer motion study of Hassenstein and Reichardt (Von Hassenstein and Reichardt 1956), which used insects and has also been adapted to other animals, suggested a simple computational model (Alexander Borst 2000), the Hassenstein and Reichard Correlator (HRC), based on a delay and correlation mechanisms.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The two types of stimuli (dark and light bars) are presented on a gray background (Fig 2), and are detected through a matrix of On and Off center-surround receptive fields. These receptive fields map the neuronal net and contain a complete overlap of the On-and the Off receptive fields, at the locations of the left and right "motion" directions,Fig 1.For the sake of simplifying the computations of the receptive field matrix and the center-surround receptive fields in the fly's optic lobe, we only subtracted the background (which is used as the surround region) from each pixel (which is used as the center)(Freifeld et al 2013).Note that in accordance with reports on the pathways in the visual system of flies(Alexander Borst and Helmstaedter 2015) and previous computational studies(Salazar-Gatzimas et al 2018;Clark et al 2011;Tuthill, Chiappe, and Reiser 2011;Theobald 2018;Luo-Li et al 2018;Mo and Koch 2003;Leonhardt et al 2017;Yang and Clandinin 2018), we considered only the simple case of two directions of motion although the visual system of flies can sense four directions of motion in the Labula visual layer (Alexander Borst and Helmstaedter 2015).The model simulations indicated that a phi motion with a light stimulus,Fig 2(a-b)caused the On DS cells to provide a significant response, while a phi motion with a dark stimulus,Fig 2 (c-d)…”

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confidence: 98%

The rebound response plays a role in the motion mechanisms and perception

Cohen-Duwek

Spitzer

2020

Preprint

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9Motion estimation is an essential ability for sighted animals to survive in their natural 10 environment. Many anatomical and electrophysiological studies on low visual levels have been 11 based on the classic pioneering HRC (Hassenstein & Reichaedt Correlator) computational model. 12 The accumulated experimental findings, which have given rise to a debate in the current 13 computational models regarding the interaction between the On and Off pathways. The previous 14 algorithms were challenged to correctly predict physiological experiment results and the two types 15 of motion: a) Phi motion, also termed apparent motion. b) Reverse-phi motion that is perceived 16 when the image contrast flips during the rapid succession. We have developed a computational 17 model supported by simulations, which for the first time leads to correct predictions of the 18 behavioral motions (phi and reverse-phi), while considering separated On and Off pathways and is 19 also in agreement with the relevant electrophysiological findings. This has been achieved through 20 the well-known neuronal response: the rebound response or "Off response". We suggest that the 21 rebound response, which has not been taken into account in the previous models, is a key player in 22 the motion mechanism, and its existence requires separation between the On and the Off pathways 23 for correct motion interpretation. We furthermore suggest that the criterial reverse-phi effect is 24 only an epiphenomenon of the rebound response for the visual system. The theoretical predictions 25 are confirmed by a psychophysical experiment on human subjects. Our findings shed new light on 26 the comprehensive role of the rebound response as a parsimonious spatiotemporal detector for 27 motion and additional memory tasks, such as for stabilization and navigation. 28 29 32the external world. This information enables animals to perform tracking, navigation stabilization, 33 and etc. A knowledge of the neuronal mechanisms and the structures of the motion detectors is 34 critical to understand how an animal behaves in its complex world. 35In general, animals, from mammals to insects, are sensitive to two types of motion. These were 36 described by pioneering studies, as a common apparent or phi motion, and an illusory motion, the 37 reverse-phi illusion (Anstis 1970). Phi motion requires at least two alternating stimuli, where the 38 second stimulus, is slightly shifted spatially relative to the first stimulus. This configuration yields 39 a perception of motion in the direction of the second stimulus. In contrast, for reverse-phi motion, 40 the second stimulus is displayed with inverse contrast polarity (in addition to the shift in spatial 41 location, as for phi motion). This yields a perception of motion in the opposite direction towards 42 the first stimulus (Anstis 1970). 43 65 into two types, where the first assumes that directionality can be detected by discrete ON and OFF 66 pathways (Leonhardt et al. 2017, 2016), while the second type assumes that there must...

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Motion changes response balance between ON and OFF visual pathways

Cited by 12 publications

References 22 publications

Functional Specialization of ON and OFF Cortical Pathways for Global-Slow and Local-Fast Vision

Functional Specialization of ON and OFF Cortical Pathways for Global-Slow and Local-Fast Vision

Amblyopia Affects the ON Visual Pathway More than the OFF

The rebound response plays a role in the motion mechanisms and perception

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