“…Japan was isolated from the world until relatively modern times and developed insular and unique ways of thinking and learning (Chao & Tseng, 2002;DeVos, 1993;Stevenson, Azuma, & Hakuta, 1986). Finally, consistent with previous research (Hofstede, 1991), the South American immigrant mothers rated themselves as more collectivist than did the Japanese immigrant mothers (Bornstein & Cote, 2001), although of course individuals in a culture are not uniformly individualist or collectivist (Oyserman, Coon, & Kemmelmeier, 2002). The role of other people is more central to self-conceptions in collectivistic than in individualistic cultures (Bochner, 1994;Triandis, 1989).…”