Mössbauer Spectra of Deep-sea Iron–Manganese Nodules

Mössbauer studies and oxidized manganese ratio in ferromanganese nodules and crusts from the Central Indian Ocean

“…erable variation in iron content (3.95-14%). The isomer shift and quadrupole values of nodules and crusts are comparable for Fe (III) to nodules previously examined for other oceans (Gager, 1969;Johnson and Glasby, 1969;Hrynkiewicz and others [972;Carpenter and Wakeham, 1973), All the samples display almost similar values of isomer shift, sample 78 C shows a slightly higher value. The quadrupole splitting values for seamount crusts and pelagic nodules are almost similar while nodules associated with siliceous sediment have slightly lower values, probably due to their lower iron content.…”

A Comprehensive View of Manganese Nodules and Volcanics of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

“…As regards to Fe, the CIOB nodule spectra exhibits a well-resolve doublet (Pattan and Mudholkar, 1991), a characteristic feature of paramagnetic Fe(III) (Gager, 1969). Fe(III) in the manganese nodules can be present in a number of minerals including ferric manganite, MnO 2 and colloidal hydrated iron oxides (Herzenberg and Reily, 1969).…”

Journal of Research of the U. S. Geological Survey, 1978, volume 6, issue 2

“…Manganese phases produced weak X-ray diffraction lines at 0.975 nm to 1.0 nm and 0.446 nm to 0.463 nm, attributed to the mineral todorokite (Burns and others, 1074), and broad lines at 0.242 nm and 0.141 nm, attributed to the mineral birnessite (also referred to as SMnO2 ; Gager, 1968;Cronan and Tooms, 1969;Burnes and Brown, 1972;Burns and others, 1974). Not all samples produced all lines mentioned, and some samples produced no X-ray diffraction lines, a fact suggesting that much of the material is X-ray amorphous.…”