Mosquitoes Transmit Unique West Nile Virus Populations during Each Feeding Episode

Grubaugh, Nathan D.; Fauver, Joseph R.; Rückert, Claudia; Weger-Lucarelli, James; Garcia-Luna, Selene; Murrieta, Reyes A.; Gendernalik, Alex; Smith, Darci R.; Brackney, Doug E.; Ebel, Gregory D.

doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2017.03.076

Cited by 67 publications

(76 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…For viruses that utilize multiple hosts, like mosquitoborne viruses, being able to compare results from many samples types is critically important. A lack of standardization, however, means that the field does not yet have a consensus to whether the mosquito vector or the vertebrate host contributes the most to virus genetic diversity [53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62] . The development of PrimalSeq and iVar allows for such measurements to be performed across diverse environments, sample types, and experimental designs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An amplicon-based sequencing framework for accurately measuring intrahost virus diversity using PrimalSeq and iVar

Grubaugh

Gangavarapu

Quick

et al. 2018

Preprint

281

386

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How viruses evolve within hosts can dictate infection outcomes; however, reconstructing this process is challenging. We evaluated our multiplexed amplicon approach PrimalSeq to demonstrate how virus concentration, sequencing coverage, primer mismatches, and replicates influence the accuracy of measuring intrahost virus diversity. We developed an experimental protocol and computational tool (iVar) for using PrimalSeq to measure virus diversity using Illumina and compared the results to Oxford Nanopore sequencing. We demonstrate the utility of PrimalSeq by measuring Zika and West Nile virus diversity from varied sample types and show that the accumulation of genetic diversity is influenced by experimental and biological systems.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An amplicon-based sequencing framework for accurately measuring intrahost virus diversity using PrimalSeq and iVar

Grubaugh

Gangavarapu

Quick

et al. 2018

Preprint

281

386

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“…This is also supported by the fact that the DENV isolated from a German tourist suspected infection in Japan in 2013 was DENV-2, 7 but no DENV-2 was isolated in the 2014 autochthonous dengue cases. Recent studies showed that one source of the genetic diversity in the Flavivirus genus is the natural alternation between invertebrate and vertebrate hosts, which imposes different selective pressures on the viral population, [45][46][47] whereas during the Chikungunya virus (CHIKV; genus Alphavirus, family Togaviridae) outbreak in Réunion island in 2005-2006, the virus evolved to be highly susceptive to Ae. albopictus with only one aa substitution (A226V mutation in viral E1 gene) occurring within 5 months in a natural setting.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dengue Virus Infection in Aedes albopictus during the 2014 Autochthonous Dengue Outbreak in Tokyo Metropolis, Japan

Kobayashi

Murota

Fujita

et al. 2018

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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In 2014 in Japan, 162 autochthonous dengue cases were reported for the first time in nearly 70 years. Here, we report the results of the detection and isolation of dengue virus (DENV) from mosquitoes collected in Tokyo Metropolis in 2014 and 2015. The phylogenetic relationship among DENV isolates from mosquitoes and from patients based on both the entire envelope gene and whole coding sequences was evaluated. Herein, 2,298 female and 956 male mosquitoes were collected at six suspected locations of DENV infection in Tokyo Metropolis from August to October in 2014 and grouped into 124 and 35 pools, respectively, for viral genome detection and DENV isolation. Dengue virus RNA was detected using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and TaqMan assays from 49 female pools; 16 isolates were obtained using C6/36 and Vero cells. High minimum infection rates (11.2-66.7) persisted until mid-September. All DENV isolates belonged to the genotype I in serotype 1 (DENV-1), and its sequences demonstrated> 99% homology to the sequence of the DENV isolated from a patient in the vicinity of Tokyo Metropolis in 2014. Therefore, was a major DENV vector, and a single DENV-1 strain circulated in Tokyo Metropolis in 2014. Dengue virus was not detected from male mosquitoes in 2014 and wild larvae in April 2015. Thus, the possibility of both vertical transmission and overwintering of DENV was extremely low, even in dengue-epidemic areas. This study reports the first entomological information on a dengue outbreak in a temperate region, where no mosquitoes are distributed.

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“…Experimental infection of snakes and bats failed to demonstrate significant viremia and disease [201,202]. Young chicks have occasionally been used as models for avian infection as wild birds can be difficult to work with and require trapping and special care [203][204][205][206][207].…”

Section: Additional Animal Species Used In Wnv Biomedical Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative Pathology of West Nile Virus in Humans and Non-Human Animals

Byas

Ebel

2020

Pathogens

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West Nile virus (WNV) continues to be a major cause of human arboviral neuroinvasive disease. Susceptible non-human vertebrates are particularly diverse, ranging from commonly affected birds and horses to less commonly affected species such as alligators. This review summarizes the pathology caused by West Nile virus during natural infections of humans and non-human animals. While the most well-known findings in human infection involve the central nervous system, WNV can also cause significant lesions in the heart, kidneys and eyes. Time has also revealed chronic neurologic sequelae related to prior human WNV infection. Similarly, neurologic disease is a prominent manifestation of WNV infection in most non-human non-host animals. However, in some avian species, which serve as the vertebrate host for WNV maintenance in nature, severe systemic disease can occur, with neurologic, cardiac, intestinal and renal injury leading to death. The pathology seen in experimental animal models of West Nile virus infection and knowledge gains on viral pathogenesis derived from these animal models are also briefly discussed. A gap in the current literature exists regarding the relationship between the neurotropic nature of WNV in vertebrates, virus propagation and transmission in nature. This and other knowledge gaps, and future directions for research into WNV pathology, are addressed.

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Mosquitoes Transmit Unique West Nile Virus Populations during Each Feeding Episode

Cited by 67 publications

References 38 publications

An amplicon-based sequencing framework for accurately measuring intrahost virus diversity using PrimalSeq and iVar

An amplicon-based sequencing framework for accurately measuring intrahost virus diversity using PrimalSeq and iVar

Dengue Virus Infection in Aedes albopictus during the 2014 Autochthonous Dengue Outbreak in Tokyo Metropolis, Japan

Comparative Pathology of West Nile Virus in Humans and Non-Human Animals

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