Mosquito Spiroplasmas

Chastel, C; Humphery‐Smith, Ian

doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-9044-2_7

Cited by 21 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 97 publications

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“…To investigate the genetic mechanisms that may be involved in utilizing mosquito hosts and the possible explanations of differences in the pathogenicity inferred from previous artificial infection experiments (Chastel and Humphery-Smith 1991; Humphery-Smith et al 1991a, 1991b; Vorms-Le Morvan et al 1991; Vazeille-Falcoz et al 1994; Phillips and Humphery-Smith 1995), we compared the substrate utilization strategies of S. diminutum and S. taiwanense based on their annotated transporters and metabolic enzymes (fig. 4).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comparison of Metabolic Capacities and Inference of Gene Content Evolution in Mosquito-Associated Spiroplasma diminutum and S. taiwanense

Chang

et al. 2013

Genome Biology and Evolution

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Mosquitoes are hosts of several Spiroplasma species that belong to different serogroups. To investigate the genetic mechanisms that may be involved in the utilization of similar hosts in these phylogenetically distinct bacteria, we determined the complete genome sequences of Spiroplasma diminutum and S. taiwanense for comparative analysis. The genome alignment indicates that their chromosomal organization is highly conserved, which is in sharp contrast to the elevated genome instabilities observed in other Spiroplasma lineages. Examination of the substrate utilization strategies revealed that S. diminutum can use a wide range of carbohydrates, suggesting that it is well suited to living in the gut (and possibly the circulatory system) of its mosquito hosts. In comparison, S. taiwanense has lost several carbohydrate utilization genes and acquired additional sets of oligopeptide transporter genes through tandem duplications, suggesting that proteins from digested blood meal or lysed host cells may be an important nutrient source. Moreover, one glycerol-3-phosphate oxidase gene (glpO) was found in S. taiwanense but not S. diminutum. This gene is linked to the production of reactive oxygen species and has been shown to be a major virulence factor in Mycoplasma mycoides. This finding may explain the pathogenicity of S. taiwanense observed in previous artificial infection experiments, while no apparent effect was found for S. diminutum. To infer the gene content evolution at deeper divergence levels, we incorporated other Mollicutes genomes for comparative analyses. The results suggest that the losses of biosynthetic pathways are a recurrent theme in these host-associated bacteria.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Finally, cytadsorption of S. taiwanense was associated with the swelling and subsequent lysis of A . albopictus C6/36 cells in vitro (Chastel and Humphery-Smith 1991). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of Metabolic Capacities and Inference of Gene Content Evolution in Mosquito-Associated Spiroplasma diminutum and S. taiwanense

Chang

et al. 2013

Genome Biology and Evolution

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“…2014). Through artificial infection experiments (Chastel and Humphery-Smith 1991; Humphery-Smith, Grulet and Chastel 1991; Vazeille-Falcoz, Perchec-Merien and Rodhain 1994; Phillips and Humphery-Smith 1995), it has been established that Sp. culicicola and Sp.…”

Section: Recent Progress In Facultative Insect Symbiontsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Winding paths to simplicity: genome evolution in facultative insect symbionts

Huang

Kuo

2016

FEMS Microbiology Reviews

100

110

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Symbiosis between organisms is an important driving force in evolution. Among the diverse relationships described, extensive progress has been made in insect–bacteria symbiosis, which improved our understanding of the genome evolution in host-associated bacteria. Particularly, investigations on several obligate mutualists have pushed the limits of what we know about the minimal genomes for sustaining cellular life. To bridge the gap between those obligate symbionts with extremely reduced genomes and their non-host-restricted ancestors, this review focuses on the recent progress in genome characterization of facultative insect symbionts. Notable cases representing various types and stages of host associations, including those from multiple genera in the family Enterobacteriaceae (class Gammaproteobacteria), Wolbachia (Alphaproteobacteria) and Spiroplasma (Mollicutes), are discussed. Although several general patterns of genome reduction associated with the adoption of symbiotic relationships could be identified, extensive variation was found among these facultative symbionts. These findings are incorporated into the established conceptual frameworks to develop a more detailed evolutionary model for the discussion of possible trajectories. In summary, transitions from facultative to obligate symbiosis do not appear to be a universal one-way street; switches between hosts and lifestyles (e.g. commensalism, parasitism or mutualism) occur frequently and could be facilitated by horizontal gene transfer.

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“…If one takes into account the various data mentioned above as well as the fact that infection of a mosquito by a spiroplasma may reduce its vector competence for Eastern equine encephalitis virus [95] or that another mosquito spiroplasma, S. taiwanense may be used as a biological control agent against dangerous mosquito-borne viral diseases [ 13,[44][45][46], it becomes clear that the associations between mycoplasmas and viruses appear multiple and sometimes extremely complex.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Links and interactions between mycoplasmas and viruses: past confusions and present realities

Chastel¹

1995

Archives of Virology

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Links between mycoplasmas and viruses are ancient, multiple and complex, from past confusions during the first decades of the virus era to present realities illustrated by the possible implication of mycoplasmas as co-factors in natural infections of AIDS. Mycoplasma viruses (phages) may also be responsible for modifying the pathogenic power of mycoplasmas, at least for plants and insects. In addition, several mycoplasmas are able to act as undesirable cell culture contaminants that induce erroneous results in both applied and general virology. These problems are examined within a historical context.

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Mosquito Spiroplasmas

Cited by 21 publications

References 97 publications

Comparison of Metabolic Capacities and Inference of Gene Content Evolution in Mosquito-Associated Spiroplasma diminutum and S. taiwanense

Comparison of Metabolic Capacities and Inference of Gene Content Evolution in Mosquito-Associated Spiroplasma diminutum and S. taiwanense

Winding paths to simplicity: genome evolution in facultative insect symbionts

Links and interactions between mycoplasmas and viruses: past confusions and present realities

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