Mosquito Species Composition and Plasmodium vivax infection Rates for Korean Army Bases near the Demilitarized Zone in the Republic of Korea, 2011

Yoo, Dae-Hyun; Shin, E-Hyun; Park, Mi-Yeoun; Kim, Sang Hyun; Lee, Dong‐Kyu; Lee, Hyun-Ho; Kim, Hyun Kyung; Chang, Kyu‐Sik

doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2012.11-0755

Cited by 14 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 21 publications

(25 reference statements)

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“…There was a considerable number of reinfected patients among the 26 cases, therefore the authors assumed that some kind of relapse or reinfection of patients would not be associated with the malaria outbreak. Lastly, the study only considered meteorological factors and areas as variables, even though there were other factors that could also have had an impact on the number of malaria patients, such as the preventive measures implemented by each military unit, the ecological relationship between vectors and hosts, regional distribution of A. sinensis mosquitoes, and gene typing from the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea regarding malaria [ 37 ]. Therefore, further studies should be done with these variables.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing the impact of meteorological factors on malaria patients in demilitarized zones in Republic of Korea

Hwang¹,

Yoon

Jung

et al. 2016

Infect Dis Poverty

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BackgroundThe trend of military patients becoming infected with vivax malaria reemerged in the Republic of Korea (ROK) in 1993. The common explanation has been that infective Anopheles mosquitoes from the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea have invaded Republic of Korea’s demilitarized zone (DMZ). The aim of this study was to verify the relationship between meteorological factors and the number of malaria patients in the military in this region.MethodsThe authors estimated the effects of meteorological factors on vivax malaria patients from the military based on the monthly number of malaria cases between 2006 and 2011. Temperature, precipitation, snow depth, wind velocity, relative humidity, duration of sunshine, and cloud cover were selected as the meteorological factors to be studied. A systematic pattern in the spatial distribution of malaria cases was assessed using the Moran’s Index. Granger causality tests and cross-correlation coefficients were used to evaluate the relationship between meteorological factors and malaria patients in the military.ResultsSpatial analysis revealed significant clusters of malaria patients in the military in Republic of Korea in 2011 (Moran’s I = 0.136, p-value = 0.026). In the six years investigated, the number of malaria patients in the military in Paju decreased, but the number of malaria patients in the military in Hwacheon and Chuncheon increased. Monthly average, maximum and minimum temperatures; wind velocity; and relative humidity were found to be predicting factors of malaria in patients in the military in Paju. In contrast, wind velocity alone was not able to predict malaria in Hwacheon and Chuncheon, however, precipitation and cloud cover were able to predict malaria in Hwacheon and Chuncheon.ConclusionsThis study demonstrated that the number of malaria patients in the military is correlated with meteorological factors. The variation in occurrence of malaria cases was principally attributed to differences in meteorological factors by regions of Republic of Korea.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40249-016-0111-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing the impact of meteorological factors on malaria patients in demilitarized zones in Republic of Korea

Hwang¹,

Yoon

Jung

et al. 2016

Infect Dis Poverty

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“…A better understanding of vector geographical and seasonal distributions, anthropophilic behavior, and vector potential is essential for the development of an effective malaria control programme [ 5 ]. Anopheles kleini was the predominant Anopheles spp.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The DMZ is a 248 km long and 4 km wide, mined, and heavily fortified zone that divides the Korean peninsula across the 38th parallel and serves as an armistice buffer zone between the ROK and the DPRK. The DMZ consists of forested hills and low-lying unmanaged grasslands (abandoned rice paddies since the end of the Korean War in 1953) that flood during rains and serve as mosquito breeding sites [ 5 ]. A total of nine ROKA installations were surveyed, of which three each were located in central Paju (A), northern Paju (B), and Central Yeoncheon (C) counties (Fig.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The number of vivax malaria cases remained over 1000 through 2010, except for 2004 (826), before decreasing below 1000 annual cases in 2011 (762) through 2013 (385) [ 4 ]. Vivax malaria cases among ROKA soldiers, including veterans that were discharged from the ROKA < 2 years, decreased from 90.5 % (1994) to 57.1 % (2001) and remained below 50.0 % from 2001 to 2015, except for 2009 (51.6 %) and 2011 (57.6 %) [ 4 , 5 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…are distributed throughout the ROK, the majority of vivax malaria cases have been attributed to exposure near the DMZ in northern Gyeonggi and Gangwon provinces [ 6 – 10 ]. The WHO reported that malaria transmission near the DMZ may be partially attributed to high numbers of malaria cases in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK) and ecological nature of the DMZ, e.g., unmanaged low-lying areas (abandoned rice paddies following the Korea war) in the DMZ and the exposure of large numbers of ROKA soldiers to malaria vectors [ 3 , 5 , 8 – 12 ]. Malaria vector control at ROKA installations near the DMZ has been limited as a result of their proximity and sensitivity of military activities near the DMZ that borders the DPRK.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Distribution of malaria vectors and incidence of vivax malaria at Korean army installations near the demilitarized zone, Republic of Korea

Chang

Yoo

et al. 2016

Malar J

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BackgroundAs a result of the reintroduction of malaria in the Republic of Korea (ROK) in 1993 and the threat to military and civilian populations, the Korea Military National Defense (MND) increased emphasis on vector control in 2012 at ROK Army (ROKA) installations located near the DMZ, while decreasing chemoprophylaxis, fearing potential drug resistance. Mosquito surveillance demonstrated a need for continuous monitoring of disease patterns among ROKA soldiers and vector malaria infection rates to ensure positive outcomes.MethodsAnopheles spp. were collected from May–October at three ROKA installations in three locations near the DMZ. Each of the areas included one installation <2 km and two installations 11–12 km from the DMZ in Paju and Yeoncheon counties, Gyeonggi Province. Anopheles spp. were identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques and then assayed for the presence of vivax malaria sporozoites. The ROK MND reported vivax malaria patients monthly to Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Correlations for the incidence of Plasmodium vivax patients and infected Anopheles species were analysed using the Wilcoxon rank sum test, Pearson correlation test and liner regression analysis.ResultsA total of 4282 Anopheles spp. were collected. Anopheles kleini (69.5 %) was the most commonly collected, followed by Anopheles pullus (17.3 %), Anopheles belenrae (4.5 %), Anopheles sineroides (4.2 %), Anopheles sinensis sensu stricto (2.7 %), and Anopheles lesteri (1.9 %). Overall, 21 malaria patients were reported by the ROK MND. The monthly incidence of the malaria patients correlated with the monthly number of Plasmodium vivax sporozoite positive Anopheles spp. The monthly numbers of An.kleini demonstrated the highest correlations to the numbers of ROKA malaria patients throughout the mosquito season (P < 0.01). Anopheles spp. positive for P. vivax and malaria patients at ROKA installations located <2 km from the DMZ were higher than for ROKA installations located 11–12 km from DMZ.ConclusionThe number of Anopheles spp. positive for P. vivax sporozoites correlated with the monthly number of malaria cases and exposure of ROKA soldiers from May–October to P. vivax malaria infections. Malaria vector surveillance and vector control is warranted as part of an effective malaria management program at ROKA installations located near DMZ.

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Recent malaria outbreak in the USA: Risk of and response to malaria reintroduction in non-endemic regions

Cui,

Kim

2024

Decoding Infection and Transmission

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Mosquito Species Composition and Plasmodium vivax infection Rates for Korean Army Bases near the Demilitarized Zone in the Republic of Korea, 2011

Cited by 14 publications

References 21 publications

Assessing the impact of meteorological factors on malaria patients in demilitarized zones in Republic of Korea

Assessing the impact of meteorological factors on malaria patients in demilitarized zones in Republic of Korea

Distribution of malaria vectors and incidence of vivax malaria at Korean army installations near the demilitarized zone, Republic of Korea

Recent malaria outbreak in the USA: Risk of and response to malaria reintroduction in non-endemic regions

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