Mosquito repellents for malaria prevention

Maia, Marta; Kliner, Merav; Richardson, Marty; Lengeler, Christian; Moore, Sarah

doi:10.1002/14651858.cd011595.pub2

Cited by 65 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Topical repellents applied on human skin are widely available for personal protection in some areas. However, commercial formulations of government-sectioned scale-up campaigns of such topical repellents are limited because they protect only individual users [26], have low user compliance rates and acceptance [27][28][29], and have only short-term efficacy [30]. They are also expensive for repeated use by the lowincome populations at greatest risk.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Creating mosquito-free outdoor spaces using transfluthrin-treated chairs and ribbons

Masalu

Finda

Killeen

et al. 2020

Malar J

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Background: Residents of malaria-endemic communities spend several hours outdoors performing different activities, e.g. cooking, story-telling or eating, thereby exposing themselves to potentially-infectious mosquitoes. This compromises effectiveness of indoor interventions, notably long-lasting insecticide-treated nets (LLINs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS). This study characterized common peri-domestic spaces in rural southeastern Tanzania, and assessed protective efficacy against mosquitoes of hessian fabric mats and ribbons treated with the spatial repellent, transfluthrin, and fitted to chairs and outdoor kitchens, respectively. Methods: Two hundred households were surveyed, and their most-used peri-domestic spaces physically characterized. Protective efficacies of locally-made transfluthrin-emanating chairs and hessian ribbons were tested in outdoor environments of 28 households in dry and wet seasons, using volunteer-occupied exposure-free double net traps. CDC light traps were used to estimate host-seeking mosquito densities within open-structure outdoor kitchens. Fieldcollected Anopheles arabiensis and Anopheles funestus mosquitoes were exposed underneath the chairs to estimate 24 h-mortality. Finally, The World Health Organization insecticide susceptibility tests were conducted on wild-caught Anopheles from the villages. Results: Approximately half (52%) of houses had verandas. Aside from these verandas, most houses also had peridomestic spaces where residents stayed most times (67% of houses with verandas and 94% of non-veranda houses). Two-thirds of these spaces were sited under trees, and only one third (34.4%) were built-up. The outdoor structures were usually makeshift kitchens having roofs and partial walls. Transfluthrin-treated chairs reduced outdoor-biting An. arabiensis densities by 70-85%, while transfluthrin-treated hessian ribbons fitted to the outdoor kitchens caused 77-81% reduction in the general peri-domestic area. Almost all the field-collected An. arabiensis (99.4%) and An. funestus (100%) exposed under transfluthrin-treated chairs died. The An. arabiensis were susceptible to non-pyrethroids (pirimiphos methyl and bendiocarb), but resistant to pyrethroids commonly used on LLINs (deltamethrin and permethrin). Conclusion: Most houses had actively-used peri-domestic outdoor spaces where exposure to mosquitoes occurred. The transfluthrin-treated chairs and ribbons reduced outdoor-biting malaria vectors in these peri-domestic spaces, and also elicited significant mortality among pyrethroid-resistant field-caught malaria vectors. These two new prototype formats for transfluthrin emanators, if developed further, may constitute new options for complementing LLINs and IRS with outdoor protection against malaria and other mosquito-borne pathogens in areas where peri-domestic human activities are common.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Creating mosquito-free outdoor spaces using transfluthrin-treated chairs and ribbons

Masalu

Finda

Killeen

et al. 2020

Malar J

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“…The use of FTPE improves user compliance, as they are portable and easy to use which facilitates round the clock protection at the desired location in the peridomestic area. The replacement of FTPE after every three months, avoids the problems associated with personal topical repellents that require daily application but tend to be applied only when people notice mosquito bites [43,44], resulting in lack of public health bene t [45]. As the device potentially provides protection to multiple people without the need for personal reapplication, it is likely a convenient approach to bite prevention outside of sleeping hours and to be more acceptable among community members for protection of the whole family [46].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Semi field evaluation of freestanding transfluthrin passive emanators and the BG sentinel trap as a “Push-Pull control strategy” against Aedes aegypti mosquitoes

Tambwe

Moore

Chilumba

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background: Spatial repellents that drive mosquitoes away from treated areas, and odour-baited traps, that attract and kill mosquitoes, can be combined and work synergistically in apush-pull system. Push-pull systems have been shown to reduce house entry and outdoor biting rates of malaria vectors and so have the potential to control other outdoor biting mosquitoes such as Aedes aegypti that transmit arboviral diseases. In this study, semi-field experiments were conducted to evaluate whether a push-pull system could be used to reduce bites from Aedes mosquitoes. Methods: The push and pull under investigation consisted of two freestanding transfluthrin passive emanators (FTPE), and a BG sentinel trap (BGS) respectively. The FTPE contained hessian strips treated with 5.25g of transfluthrin active ingredient. The efficacies of FTPE and BGS alone and in combination were evaluated by human landing catch in a large semi-field system in Tanzania. We also investigated the protection of FTPE over six months. The data was analyzed using generalized linear mixed models with binomial distribution.Results: Two FTPE had a protective efficacy (PE) of 61. 2% (95% Confidence interval (CI): 52.2-69.9) against human landing rate of Aedes aegypti. The BGS did not significantly reduce mosquito landings; the PE was 2.1% (95% CI: -2.9-7.2). The combination of FTPE and BGS (push-pull) provided the PE of 64.5% (95% CI: 59.1-69.9). However, there was no significant difference in the protective efficacy between the push-pull and the two FTPE against Ae. aegypti (p=0.30). The FTPE offered significant protection against Ae. aegypti at month three, with a PE of 46.4% (95% CI: 41.1-51.8), but not at six months with a PE of 2.2 % (95% CI: -9.0-14.0). Conclusions: The PE of the FTPE and the full push-pull system are similar, indicative that bite prevention is primarily due to the activity of the FTPE. While these results are encouraging for the FTPE, further work is needed for a push-pull system to be recommended for Ae. aegypti control. The three-month protection provided by the FTPE against Ae. aegypti bites suggests it would be a useful additional personal protection tool during dengue outbreaks, that does not require regular user compliance.

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“…The other main interventions that help prevent mosquito bites involve applying topical repellents directly to the skin, wearing insecticide-treated clothing and using spatial repellents. A Cochrane systematic review has attempted to assess the effect of repellents on malaria transmission 1. …”

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confidence: 99%

“…The review included eight cluster randomised controlled trials (cRCTs) and two randomised controlled trials conducted in various malaria-endemic areas and among populations, including residents, military personnel and people living in refugee camps 1. Six trials investigated topical repellents, two investigated insecticide-treated clothing and two investigated spatial repellents.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Evidence for mosquito repellents in preventing malaria

2018

DTB

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Mosquito repellents for malaria prevention

Cited by 65 publications

References 36 publications

Creating mosquito-free outdoor spaces using transfluthrin-treated chairs and ribbons

Creating mosquito-free outdoor spaces using transfluthrin-treated chairs and ribbons

Semi field evaluation of freestanding transfluthrin passive emanators and the BG sentinel trap as a “Push-Pull control strategy” against Aedes aegypti mosquitoes

Evidence for mosquito repellents in preventing malaria

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