Mosquito‐borne disease problems In reply to: The urbanization of tropical countries

Gratz, Norman G.; Chief, R.F. Peters

doi:10.1080/10643387309381608

Cited by 19 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 28 publications

(14 reference statements)

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“…In addition to fish, attention has also been given to other predators, including the mosquito larvae belonging to the Lutzia genus, which are able to develop in some of the C. p. quinquefasciatus breeding places (GRATZ, 1973b).…”

Section: Choice Of Pesticides While C P Quinquefasciatusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biology and control of Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus Say, 1823 (Diptera, Culicidae) with special reference to Africa

Subra

1981

Int. J. Trop. Insect Sci.

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This paper is an attempt to synthesize information available on C. p. quinquefasciatus in Africa. The latter is presently found in most urban areas of the African continent and in rural settlements which show some trends towards urbanization. In East Africa, and the islands of the Indian Ocean, C. p. quinquefasciatus is one of the major natural vectors of Wuchereria bancrofti. In addition it can also transmit, under laboratory conditions, some other pathogenic agents.Preimaginal forms develop in different kinds of man-made breeding-places, especially those containing polluted water. The situation in each African region is reviewed in detail.Female behaviour during the different phases of the gonotrophic cycle is analysed, together with population dynamics.Control methods by synthetic insecticides are discussed in relation to resistance problems and the characteristics of the breeding sites. Other control methods based on the use of growth regulators, genetic manipulation, biological agents (parasites and predators) and environmental management have been investigated as well. Most of them cannot be easily applied or are not yet applicable for control operations.

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Section: Choice Of Pesticides While C P Quinquefasciatusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biology and control of Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus Say, 1823 (Diptera, Culicidae) with special reference to Africa

Subra

1981

Int. J. Trop. Insect Sci.

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“…which are worldwide pests and local vectors of human diseases caused by the filaria Wuchereria bancrofti and such arboviruses as chikungunya, La Crosse, Oropouche, Rift Valley, Sindbis, Tahyna, West Nile and several encephalitides. Anthropophilic populations of these mosquitoes are a nuisance all over the world; they breed most abundantly in stagnant water laden with organic nutrients, especially sullage and sewage, and thrive where poor sanitation accompanies urbanisation Gratz, 1973;Curtis & Feacham, 1981).…”

Section: ^55mentioning

confidence: 99%

Inheritance and activity of some esterases associated with organophosphate resistance in mosquitoes of the complex ofCulex pipiensL. (Diptera: Cnlicidae)

Villani

White

Curtis

et al. 1983

Bull. Entomol. Res.

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Eighteen strains of the complex of Culex pipiens L. from Africa, Asia and Europe were bioassayed for resistance to chlorpyrifos and electrophoresed and stained for esterases. Susceptible strains showed only low activity esterase bands. The resistant strains of C. quinquefasciatus Say from hot countries (Liberia, Nigeria, Sri Lanka, Tanzania, Thailand) all showed the same two high intensity esterase bands (Rm 0"60 + O -82). Different patterns of high esterase were found in resistant C. pipiens strains from cooler localities in Nairobi, Kenya (Rm 100), and Montpellier, France (Rm 0 -50). Selection experiments on strains originally polymorphic for resistance and esterase pattern showed, without exception, that high esterase remained associated with resistance, and it is concluded that the association is almost certainly causal and not merely due to genetic linkage. The high intensity esterase bands were probably due to alleles of the loci Est-l, Est-2 and Est-3, separated by crossover distances of approximately 2 -4 and 55 units, respectively. Strains monomorphic for what appeared to be the same high esterase pattern varied markedly in resistance level.Enzyme assays showed a direct relationship between levels of enzyme activity and resistance. Bioassays with fenthion and chlorpyrifos revealed differences in the relative resistance of C quinquefasciatus from Colombo (Sri Lanka) and Dar-es-Salaam (Tanzania). Despite these differential degrees of cross-effectiveness, it is concluded that high intensity esterases are reliable indicators of organophosphate resistance in mosquitoes of the C. pipiens complex, although the possibility of other resistance mechanisms means that the lack of abnormally active esterases does not necessarily indicate the absence of resistance.

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“…The proposed method of estimating stage developmental period is suitable for all populations where recruitment to successive stages can be measured. This condition is satisfied for larvae of the mosquito Aedes aegypti (L.) which is an important urban pest in the tropics (GRATZ 1973). Data for the moulting of Aedes larvae in water jars in Bangkok were published by SOUTHWOOD et al (1972) and are reproduced in Table 1.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The estimation and simulation of variable developmental period, with application to the mosquito Aedes aegypti (L.)

Birley

1979

Population Ecology

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Summary The variability of stage developmental period may be a seminal feature of some insect populations and therefore of importance in management studies. A transfer function technique is described for estimating the frequency distribution of developmental period and simulating the subsequent population dynamics. The technique relates recruitment time series of consecutive stages by an age‐specific developmental success function. Approximate statistics, such as the mean, median or mode developmental period, may be determined and the effect of different temperature or density regimes compared.

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Mosquito‐borne disease problems In reply to: The urbanization of tropical countries

Cited by 19 publications

References 28 publications

Biology and control of Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus Say, 1823 (Diptera, Culicidae) with special reference to Africa

Biology and control of Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus Say, 1823 (Diptera, Culicidae) with special reference to Africa

Inheritance and activity of some esterases associated with organophosphate resistance in mosquitoes of the complex ofCulex pipiensL. (Diptera: Cnlicidae)

The estimation and simulation of variable developmental period, with application to the mosquito Aedes aegypti (L.)

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