Mortality of Youth Offenders Along a Continuum of Justice System Involvement

Aalsma, Matthew C.; Lau, Katherine S. L.; Perkins, Anthony J.; Schwartz, Katherine; Tu, Wanzhu; Wiehe, Sarah E.; Monahan, Patrick O.; Rosenman, Marc B.

doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2015.08.030

Cited by 31 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 29 publications

(39 reference statements)

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“…Substance‐related and violent causes accounted for the majority of deaths among clinical probands and their siblings, with the substance‐related causes accounting for 32% of deaths among clinical probands (Table ). Results from univariate models confirmed previous findings that male sex , conduct problems and SAD are each associated with increased mortality risk (Table ).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

“…Previous research has identified numerous demographic variables and individual differences that predict premature mortality among adolescents and young adults with externalizing problems, including male sex , minority ethnic status (i.e. Black/African American or Latino) , substance abuse and previous criminal history . These findings mirror studies of mortality in previously incarcerated individuals .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 80%

“…However, the risk of early death is not distributed evenly. American youth who engage in risk behaviors, such as substance abuse and criminal activities, are two to nine times more likely to die prematurely than their general population counterparts , and their deaths are disproportionately caused by homicide, legal intervention and motor vehicle accidents . Youth with conduct‐ or substance‐related problems (referred to hereafter as adolescents with externalizing problems) can often be identified through involvement in juvenile correction systems and/or placement in treatment programs; therefore, they comprise a prime target for intervention and prevention efforts.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Independent predictors of mortality in adolescents ascertained for conduct disorder and substance use problems, their siblings and community controls

et al. 2018

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 80%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Independent predictors of mortality in adolescents ascertained for conduct disorder and substance use problems, their siblings and community controls

et al. 2018

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“…Juvenile offenders have a higher risk of early and violent death than the general population, and this risk is especially high for black youth (Aalsma et al, 2016;Teplin et al, 2005). Incarcerated youth have greater health needs than their nonincarcerated peers (Prins, 2014), but health care services in the juvenile justice system are inadequate and lack enough mental health and substance-abuse treatment professionals (Braverman and Murray, 2011).…”

Section: Episodes Of Unusual Need Throughout the Life Coursementioning

confidence: 99%

Addressing Social Determinants of Health and Health Disparities: A Vital Direction for Health and Health Care

Adler¹,

Cutler²,

Fielding³

et al. 2016

NAM Perspectives

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110

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This publication is part of the National Academy of Medicine's Vital Directions for Health and Health Care Initiative, which called on more than 150 leading researchers, scientists, and policy makers from across the United States to assess and provide expert guidance on 19 priority issues for U.S. health policy. The views presented in this publication and others in the series are those of the authors and do not represent formal consensus positions of the NAM, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, or the authors' organizations. Learn more: nam.edu/VitalDirections.

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“…According to a 50-year follow-up study by Laub and Vaillant [ 4 ], along with aging, the aforementioned causes of death are accompanied by medical conditions and diseases such as cancers and cardiovascular diseases. The mortality rate varies depending on the severity of justice system involvement: arrested youth has the lowest rate of mortality, followed by detained and incarcerated youth [ 6 ]. Moreover, high delinquency severity shows earlier and higher mortality risk [ 7 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mortality of young offenders: a national register-based follow-up study of 15- to 19-year-old Finnish delinquents referred for forensic psychiatric examination between 1980 and 2010

Lindberg

Miettunen

Heiskala

et al. 2017

Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health

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BackgroundThe mortality rate of young offenders is high. Furthermore, mortality in young offenders is associated with psychiatric and substance use disorders. The primary aim of this national register-based follow-up study was to investigate the mortality rate of Finnish delinquents who underwent a forensic psychiatric examination between 1980 and 2010. As delinquency is not a solid entity, we further aimed to compare the risk of premature death among different subgroups of the delinquents; violent versus non-violent offenders, offenders with alcohol use disorders versus those with no such diagnoses, offenders with schizophrenia spectrum disorders versus conduct- and personality-disordered offenders, under-aged versus young adult offenders, and, finally, boys versus girls.MethodsWe collected the forensic psychiatric examination reports of all 15- to 19-year-old offenders who were born in Finland and had undergone the examination between 1.1.1980 and 31.12.2010 (n = 606) from the archives of the National Institute of Health and Welfare and retrospectively reviewed them. For each delinquent, four age-, gender- and place of birth-matched controls were randomly selected from the Central Population Register (n = 2424). The delinquents and their controls were followed until the end of 2015. The median follow-up time was 23.9 years (interquartile range 15.3–29.5). We obtained the mortality data from the causes of death register. Deaths attributable to a disease or an occupational disease were considered natural, and those attributable to an accident, suicide or homicide were considered unnatural.ResultsBy the end of the follow-up period, 22.1% (n = 134) of the delinquents and 3.4% (n = 82) of their controls had died (OR 8.11, 95% CI 6.05–10.86, p < 0.001). Among boys, 22.0% (n = 121) of the delinquents and 3.7% (n = 81) of the controls had died (OR 7.38, 95% CI 5.46–9.95, p < 0.001). Male delinquents’ risk of unnatural death was almost 11-fold, of natural death more than twofold, and of unclear death more than fourfold compared to that of their controls. No girls had natural or unclear deaths, but 23.6% (n = 13) of the delinquents and 0.5% (n = 1) of the controls had died due to unnatural causes (OR 67.79, 95% CI 8.63–532.00, p < 0.001). The violent delinquents’ risk of premature death was twice that of the non-violent delinquents. The other comparisons demonstrated no statistically significant differences between subgroups.ConclusionsEven though the Finnish correction system prefers psychiatric treatment and rehabilitation over criminal sanctions, and the national health care system offers developmental-phase-specific psychiatric care, the mortality rate of delinquents, especially of those with a history of violent offences, is high. The excess mortality of offenders can be regarded as a specific public-health inequity that calls for more effective intervention procedures than those used thus far.

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Mortality of Youth Offenders Along a Continuum of Justice System Involvement

Cited by 31 publications

References 29 publications

Independent predictors of mortality in adolescents ascertained for conduct disorder and substance use problems, their siblings and community controls

Independent predictors of mortality in adolescents ascertained for conduct disorder and substance use problems, their siblings and community controls

Addressing Social Determinants of Health and Health Disparities: A Vital Direction for Health and Health Care

Mortality of young offenders: a national register-based follow-up study of 15- to 19-year-old Finnish delinquents referred for forensic psychiatric examination between 1980 and 2010

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