Mortality of sheep exported by sea: evidence of similarity by farm group and of regional differences

Ar, Higgs; Rt, Norris; Ra, Love; Gj, Norman

doi:10.1111/j.1751-0813.1999.tb12914.x

Cited by 6 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…Vaccination against several zoonoses, e.g., pustular dermatitis, is possible but not completely effective [ 131 ]. There is a risk of zoonotic infection in people administering the vaccine, which, together with concerns about vaccine efficacy, means that vaccines are not widely used [ 132 ].…”

Section: Stresses On Board and Disease Risksmentioning

confidence: 99%

Zoonotic Disease Risks of Live Export of Cattle and Sheep, with a Focus on Australian Shipments to Asia and the Middle East

Phillips

2022

Animals

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The growing human and livestock populations in the world today and increased international transport of livestock is increasing the risk of both emerging and endemic zoonotic diseases. This review focuses on the potential for the live export trade to transmit zoonotic diseases. Both cattle and sheep are exposed to major stresses during the transport process, which are described, together with the impact of these stresses on the immune function of transported animals. Heat stress, overcrowding, inanition, ship and vehicle motion and accumulation of noxious gases are analysed for their ability to potentiate infectious diseases. The major zoonoses are described: pustular dermatitis, pneumonia, salmonellosis, as well as some common conditions, such as conjunctivitis, with specific reference to stressors associated with each disorder. Historical precedents exist for restriction of the trade based on disease risks. Finally, the economic and regulatory frameworks are considered to evaluate ways in which the spread of zoonotic diseases can be controlled.

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Section: Stresses On Board and Disease Risksmentioning

confidence: 99%

Zoonotic Disease Risks of Live Export of Cattle and Sheep, with a Focus on Australian Shipments to Asia and the Middle East

Phillips

2022

Animals

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“…Livestock mortality due to excessive heat load can occur under many conditions including in feedlots and during transport. Several investigations have been performed into causes of livestock mortality in sea transport [ 5 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 ] and excessive heat load has been considered an important cause, particularly in sheep [ 17 ]. There are ongoing concerns for mortalities in sheep due to excessive heat load during sea transport [ 11 , 18 ].…”

Section: Heat Load and Mortalitymentioning

confidence: 99%

A Systematic Review of Heat Load in Australian Livestock Transported by Sea

Collins

Hampton

Barnes

2018

Animals

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Simple SummaryThe transport of livestock by sea (‘live export’) is an important contemporary animal welfare issue in Australia. There is particular concern for the effects of heat load on the welfare of sheep being shipped live from Australia to the Middle East during the Northern Hemisphere summer. To reduce bias in a contentious context, we performed a systematic review of the literature relevant to Australian sea transport, heat load, and livestock. We discuss the factors contributing to harmful heat load, pathways for mitigating risks and existing knowledge gaps. We identified several areas requiring research to address these knowledge gaps.AbstractThe transport of animals by sea (‘live export’) is one of the most important current animal welfare issues in Australian society. Recent media attention has highlighted concerns regarding the effects of high environmental temperature and humidity on the welfare and mortality of sheep being shipped live from Australia to the Middle East, especially during the Northern Hemisphere summer. To improve understanding of how and why harmful heat load occurs, we systematically reviewed Australian research into heat load and sea transport. High thermal load occurs during the sea transport of sheep and cattle from Australia when animals are subject to hot and humid environmental conditions and cannot remove heat generated by metabolic processes in the body, potentially also gaining heat from the environment. Several approaches have been proposed to mitigate these risks, including avoidance of voyages in hot seasons, selection of heat-resistant livestock breeds, reducing stocking density, and improved ventilation. We identified a lack of scientific literature relating to heat load in animals transported by sea and considerable potential for bias in the literature that was found. We identified the following priority research areas: (i) experimental manipulation of variables thought to influence the incidence and severity of harmful heat load, including sheep density; (ii) further assessment of the Heat Stress Risk Assessment (HSRA) model used to predict heat load events, and (iii) development of a suite of animal welfare indicators that may allow identification of ‘at risk’ sheep before they reach debilitating heat load condition. Addressing these knowledge gaps will assist efforts to reduce the frequency and intensity of harmful heat load events.

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Farming Systems for Sheep Production and Their Effect on Welfare

Kilgour

Waterhouse²,

Dwyer³

et al.

Animal Welfare

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Mortality of sheep exported by sea: evidence of similarity by farm group and of regional differences

Abstract: Mortality data can be used to identify regions and groups of sheep that are at risk of suffering high death rates when exported by sea.

Cited by 6 publications

References 6 publications

Zoonotic Disease Risks of Live Export of Cattle and Sheep, with a Focus on Australian Shipments to Asia and the Middle East

Zoonotic Disease Risks of Live Export of Cattle and Sheep, with a Focus on Australian Shipments to Asia and the Middle East

A Systematic Review of Heat Load in Australian Livestock Transported by Sea

Farming Systems for Sheep Production and Their Effect on Welfare

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