Mortality of Gasworkers With Special Reference to Cancers of the Lung and Bladder, Chronic Bronchitis, and Pneumoconiosis

Abstract

The mortality of selected groups of gasworkers has been observed over a period of eight years, and a comparison has been made of the mortality from different causes among different occupational groups. Men were included in the study if they had been employed by the industry for more than five years and were between 40 and 65 years of age when the observations began. All employees and pensioners of four area Gas Boards who met these conditions were initially included; but the number was subsequently reduced to 11,499 by excluding many of the occupations which did not involve entry into the carbonizing plants or involved this only irregularly. All but 0·4% of the men were followed successfully throughout the study. Mortality rates, standardized for age, were calculated for 10 diseases, or groups of diseases, for each of three broad occupational classes, i.e., those having heavy exposure in carbonizing plants (class A), intermittent exposure or exposure to conditions in other gas-producing plants (class B), and such exposure (class C). The results showed that the annual death rate was highest in class A (17·2 per 1,000), intermediate in class B (14·6 per 1,000), and lowest in class C (13·7 per 1,000), the corresponding mortallity for all men in England and Wales over the same period being slightly lower than the rate for class A (16·3 per 1,000). The differences between the three classes were largely accounted for by two diseases, cancer of the lung and bronchitis. For cancer of the lung the death rate (3·06 per 1,000) was 69% higher in class A than in class C; for bronchitis (2·89 per 1,000) it was 126% higher. For both diseases the mortality in class B was only slightly higher than in class C, and in both these categories the mortality was close to that observed in the country as a whole. Three other causes of death showed higher death rates in the exposed classes than in the unexposed or in the country as a whole, but the numbers of deaths attributed to them were very small. The death rate from cancer of the bladder in class A was four times that in class C, but the total number of deaths was only 14. Five deaths were attributed to pneumoconiosis, four of which occurred in bricklayers (class B). One death from cancer of the scrotum occurred in a retort house worker. For other causes of death the mortality rates were similar to or lower than the corresponding national rates. Examination of the data separately for each area Board showed that the excess mortality from lung cancer and chronic bronchitis in retort house workers persisted in each area. For two Boards the mortality from other causes was close to that recorded for other men living in the same region; in the other two Boards it was substantially lower. A comparison between the mortality of men who worked in horizontal retort houses and of those who worked in vertical houses suggested that the risk of lung cancer was greater in the horizontal houses and the risk of bronchitis was greater in the vertical houses, the differences being, however, not statistic...

Benzo[b]fluoranthene, a Potential Alternative to Benzo[a]pyrene as an Indicator of Exposure to Airborne PAHs in the Vicinity of Söderberg Aluminum Smelters

“…Some PAHs have been identified as carcinogenic compounds, and epidemiologic studies have demonstrated a strong correlation between chronic exposures to fumes containing combustion products from coke and coal gas manufacture and the risk of lung cancer. 1,2 Similar findings have been reported among workers in aluminum smelters. [3][4][5][6][7] Two important anthropogenic sources of PAHs are the Söderberg primary aluminum vertical stud smelters (VSSs) and horizontal stud smelters (HSSs).…”

Assessment of the Epidemiological Data Relating Lung Cancer to Air Pollution

“…Data from Kahn (25) of adults aged 45-74 suggest that a 10-year difference in age of starting smoking between ages 15 and 25, for any level of smoking, may account for as great a difference in risk of lung cancer as is the difference between the rate of lung cancer at ages 55-64 and 65-74. In addition, the magnitude of the effect of duration of smoking is as great as the effect of smoking [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20] cigarettes/day and 21-39 cigarettes/day at ages 55-64 (Fig. 6).…”

“…Even when assessed, no information was available on either age of starting smoking (see below) or occupation. Two (11,12), all but one was traced up to 12 years. The men were divided into heavily exposed-i.e., retort house coal carbonization workers-and minimally exposed -i.e., to by-products only.…”

Mortality among retired fur workers. Dyers, dressers (tanners) and service workers.

“…Studies of coke oven workers (5,31) and gas workers (6,7) found this selection bias to be minimal. Significantly increased risks from lung cancer occurred in both retiree and nonretiree groups.…”