Mortality in megafaunal benthic populations caused by trawl fisheries on the Dutch continental shelf in the North Sea in 1994

Abstract

We estimated the direct mortality of benthic fauna caused by one single passage of commercial beam and otter trawls in field experiments. The benthos dredge Triple-D was used to sample megafauna (>1 cm), while macrofauna (>1 mm) were sampled by means of a Reineck boxcorer and, in some cases, a van Veen grab. Direct mortalities ranging from about 5 up to 40% of the initial densities were observed for a number of gastropods, starfishes, small and medium-sized crustaceans, and annelid worms. For bivalve species, direct mortalities were found from about 20 up to 65%. Mortality per m 2 trawled area due to fishing with a 12-m beam trawl was not higher than that due to a 4-m beam trawl. For all species considered, the direct mortality was largely attributed to animals that died in the trawl track, either as a direct result of physical damage inflicted by the passage of the trawl or indirectly owing to disturbance, exposure, and subsequent predation. In 1994, the 12 m beam trawl with tickler chains was the dominant gear type in the Dutch sector, resulting in a mean annual trawling frequency of 1.23. The mean annual trawling frequencies with the 4 m beam trawl using tickler chains, the 4 m beam trawl with a chain mat, and the otter trawl were 0.13, 0.01, and 0.06, respectively. The annual fishing mortality in invertebrate megafaunal populations in the Dutch sector ranged from 5 up to 39%, with half of the species showing values of more than 20%. For all species studied, the 12 m beam-trawl fisheries caused higher annual fishing mortalities than the concerted action of the other fisheries. Only with respect to species restricted to sandy coastal areas did the 4 m beam-trawl fleet contribute substantially to the annual mortality. Implications of the impact of trawling on the composition of benthic communities are discussed. International Council for the Exploration of the SeaKey words: direct mortality of trawling, fishing mortality, impact of beam trawling, impact of otter trawling, megafauna.

When does fishing lead to more fish? Community consequences of bottom trawl fisheries in demersal food webs

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Fishing effects on diversity, size and community structure of the benthic invertebrate and fish megafauna on the Bay of Biscay coast of France

“…Trawling leads to mortality in benthic invertebrates and fishes, but the rates may be lower for the smallest individuals within and among species, as small organisms may be pushed aside by the pressure wave in front of the trawl (Gilkinson et al 1998), or escape from the trawl through the mesh. Larger individuals usually suffer higher mortality when they are in the path of the trawl (Bergman & van Santbrink 2000). Hence, fishing activity may change the community size spectrum structure (Rice & Gislason 1996, Bianchi et al 2000, Duplisea et al 2002.…”

Benthic development around a gas platform in the North Sea -: a small scale closure for fisheries : a trait based approach

“…It is of crucial importance that there is general agreement among the involved stakeholders that the constraints under which they are asked to operate are valid and sensible. The direct effects of the most prevalent types of fishing gear on the North Sea seafloor habitat and its ecosystem have been shown (van Denderen et al, 2014, Bergman and van Santbrink, 2000, Depestele et al, 2015, but the recovery after fishing stops is less obvious. For example, five years after the establishment of an offshore wind farm, which is off limits to all vessels, no difference in the development of benthic communities between the effective MPA and surrounding area could be established (Bergman et al, 2015).…”