Mortality From Sexually Transmitted Diseases in Reproductive-Aged Women: United States, 1999–2010

Abstract

Screening and treatment for sexually transmitted diseases may reduce mortality. Research is needed to determine whether sexually transmitted disease-related morbidity among reproductive-aged women has decreased over the past decade.

HIV cause-specific deaths, mortality, risk factors, and the combined influence of HAART and late diagnosis in Zhejiang, China, 2006–2013

“…Our findings are consistent with those already published that indicate that HAART and delayed diagnosis play an extremely important role in reducing mortality, both for AIDS-related and non-AIDS-related deaths after adjusting for potential confounding factors 28 29 30 31 . HAART provision to individuals in Zhejiang province started in 2004, with 23.9% coverage in 2006, scaled up to 67.2% in 2010, and peaked at 93.2% in 2013.…”

“…Based on our results, the impact of going without HAART and late diagnosis on the AIDS mortality rate is more additive than the two factors present individually. Patients who were older or diagnosed late were more likely to die and progress to AIDS than younger people and those diagnosed early 30 31 . However, no effect modification was observed between HAART and age on AIDS mortality, even though the association of age and mortality has been confirmed in several studies 32 33 .…”

A Qualitative Systematic Review of Women's Experiences Using Contraceptive Vaginal Rings: Implications for New Technologies

“…The burden of STDs (including HIV) and unintended pregnancy creates an urgent need for methods that provide multipurpose protection. Access to effective and affordable prevention technologies, both those currently available and those being developed, may facilitate protection; however, access is not enough.…”

Screening for chlamydia and/or gonorrhea in primary health care: protocol for systematic review

“…In females, the infections with CT and NG can cause PID (infection/inflammation of the upper reproductive tract), chronic pelvic pain, ectopic pregnancy, and/or infertility. CT and NG are important causes of acute PID, with CT implicated in about one-fifth to one-third of all PID cases and about one-half in women aged 16-19 years [15–17]. Rates attributed to NG are not commonly reported, but PID may be attributed to NG more often than to CT; moreover, when from NG, PID may be associated with more severe symptoms and therefore discovered faster potentially leading to treatment and prevention of further complications such as ectopic pregnancy and infertility [18].…”

“…Positive associations have been found between NG and prostate cancer (odds ratio [OR] with 95% confidence intervals [95% CIs]: 1.2 [1.1-1.4] [31] and 1.3 [1.1-1.5]) [31, 32] and between CT and cervical cancer (OR with 95% CI: 1.8 [1.0-3.0] independent of age and human papilloma virus status) [33] although incidence rates and causation are not easy to determine. Mortality has become a rare outcome, with estimates over the years per 100,000 in women ages 19-44 years decreasing from 0.3 deaths from PID alone in 1979 [34] to 0.1 deaths from CT and NG, PID, and ectopic pregnancy combined during 1999-2010 in the United States [15]. CT and NG may both increase the transmissibility of HIV, although findings are inconsistent, most studies have limitations (e.g., few have used actual HIV contact data), and large trials in countries with high HIV prevalence have failed to demonstrate that STI control interventions can reduce HIV incidence [1, 2, 35–38].…”