Mortality, Causes of Death and Risk Factors for Death Among Primary Amphetamine Users in the Swedish Criminal Justice System

Ericsson, Emmy; Brådvik, Louise; Håkansson, Anders

doi:10.3109/10826084.2013.825921

Cited by 22 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 37 publications

(51 reference statements)

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“…SMRs represent the CMR ratio between those exposed to the risk and the entire general population (including those exposed to the risk). This process was conducted for 16 cohorts [16,[20][21][22][23]25,26,28,29,[32][33][34][35][36][37][38].…”

Section: Calculation Of Crude Mortality Rates Standardized Mortalitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Twenty-three cohorts [14][15][16]18,19,[21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38] (n = 115 223 participants) provided data to inform the pooled all-cause CMR. This was 1.14 per 100 py (95% CI = 0.92-1.42; Fig.…”

Section: Crude Mortality Rates Per 100 Pymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Authors of studies of eight cohorts [14,15,19,24,27,30,31,45] reported all-cause SMRs; we imputed all-cause SMRs for a further 15 cohorts [16,[21][22][23]25,26,28,29,[32][33][34][35][36][37][38]. The pooled all-cause SMR across these 23 studies was 6.83 (95% CI = 5.27-8.84; Table 2, Fig.…”

Section: Standardized Mortality Ratios (Smrs)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…3). There were nine studies [14][15][16]21,28,30,31,34,45] (86 942 participants) that provided all-cause SMRs separately for men (SMR = 4.68, 95% CI = 3.43-6.40) and women (SMR = 5.91, 95% CI = 3.74-9.35; see Table 2 and Supporting information, Fig. I2 in Appendix I).…”

Section: Standardized Mortality Ratios (Smrs)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…3. Unsurprisingly, drug poisoning was the cause 13.6% [14,19,21,26] For countries included in Global Burden of Disease (GBD) regions please see www.healthdata.org/gbd/FAQ#What countries are in each region. a Studies included those that had both men and women in their cohort and reported all-cause mortality.…”

Section: Standardized Mortality Ratios (Smrs)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mortality among people with regular or problematic use of amphetamines: a systematic review and meta‐analysis

et al. 2019

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Background and aims Amphetamines are the second most commonly used class of illicit drugs. We aimed to produce pooled estimates of mortality risks among people with regular or dependent use of amphetamines, with a focus upon all‐cause mortality as well as specific causes of death. Design Systematic review and meta‐analysis of cohorts of people with problematic use or dependence on amphetamines with data on all‐cause or cause‐specific mortality. Setting and participants Of 4240 papers, 30 were eligible, reporting on 25 cohorts that measured all‐cause mortality, drug poisoning, suicide, accidental injuries, homicide and cardiovascular mortality. Cohorts (n = 35–74 139) were in North America, several Nordic countries and Asia Pacific. Measurement Titles/abstracts were independently screened by one reviewer and excluded those reviewed by a second reviewer. Full‐text screening was by two reviewers with discrepancies resolved via a third reviewer. We extracted data on crude mortality rates (CMR) per 100 person‐years (py), standardized mortality ratios (SMRs). We imputed SMRs where possible if not reported by study authors. We also calculated mortality relative risks. Data were pooled using random‐effects models; potential reasons for heterogeneity were explored using subgroup analyses and meta‐regressions. Findings Twenty‐three cohorts contributed data for the pooled all‐cause CMR: 1.14 per 100 py [95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.92–1.42]. Pooled cause‐specific mortality rates were: drug poisoning, 0.14 per 100 py (95% CI = 0.06–0.34); cardiovascular disease, 0.13 per 100 py (95% CI = 0.06–0.29); suicide, 0.20 per 100 py (95% CI = 0.07–0.55); accidental injury, 0.20 per 100 py (95% CI = 0.08–0.47) and homicide, 0.03 per 100 py (95% CI = 0.02–0.06). There was substantial heterogeneity for all pooled CMR estimates except homicide. The pooled all‐cause SMR was 6.83 (95% CI = 5.27–8.84). Pooled cause‐specific SMRS were: poisoning, 24.70 (95% CI = 16.67, 36.58); homicide, 11.90 (95% CI = 7.82–18.12); suicide, 12.20 (95% CI = 4.89–30.47); cardiovascular disease, 5.12 (95% CI = 3.74–7.00) and accidental injury, 5.12 (95% CI = 2.88–9.08). Conclusions People with regular or dependent amphetamine use are at elevated risk of a range of causes of mortality compared with people without regular or dependent amphetamine use.

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Section: Calculation Of Crude Mortality Rates Standardized Mortalitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Crude Mortality Rates Per 100 Pymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Standardized Mortality Ratios (Smrs)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Standardized Mortality Ratios (Smrs)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Standardized Mortality Ratios (Smrs)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mortality among people with regular or problematic use of amphetamines: a systematic review and meta‐analysis

et al. 2019

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An alarming rise in the prevalence of deaths with methamphetamine involved in Tehran, Iran 2011-2018

Paknahad

Akhgari

Ghadipasha

2020

Forensic Sci Med Pathol

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Understanding the Relationship Between Amphetamines and Psychosis

Rognli

Bramness

2015

Curr Addict Rep

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Use of amphetamine and methamphetamine (hereafter amphetamines) can cause acute psychotic symptoms and may also contribute to persistent psychotic conditions such as schizophrenia. Still, much remains uncertain about the mechanisms and nature of this relationship. In this paper, we review certain aspects of this relationship, with particular emphasis on papers published during the past 3 years. A review of the literature reveals that, in addition to the established knowledge that amphetamines can cause acute psychotic symptoms, more evidence has emerged that amphetamines may play a role also in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Determining causality for the amphetamine-psychosis association has, however, proven complicated. Reversed causality may be the case, as may be the notion that both use of amphetamines and psychosis reciprocally affect each other with deteriorating effects on both conditions. Clinical features like sensitization to amphetamines precipitating psychosis, that even amphetamineinduced psychosis may persist, and diagnostic transition from amphetamine-induced to primary psychosis suggest a continuous and mutual interaction between individual vulnerability, amphetamine exposure, and psychosis. The high transition rates also point to amphetamine-induced psychosis as a major risk factor for primary psychosis. Mortality rates are high for both psychosis and use of amphetamines, and we lack highquality treatment guidelines to apply when these two conditions occur together. Amphetamine-induced psychosis may be more affiliated with primary psychosis than previously assumed. Some clinical implications are suggested.

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Mortality, Causes of Death and Risk Factors for Death Among Primary Amphetamine Users in the Swedish Criminal Justice System

Cited by 22 publications

References 37 publications

Mortality among people with regular or problematic use of amphetamines: a systematic review and meta‐analysis

Mortality among people with regular or problematic use of amphetamines: a systematic review and meta‐analysis

An alarming rise in the prevalence of deaths with methamphetamine involved in Tehran, Iran 2011-2018

Understanding the Relationship Between Amphetamines and Psychosis

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