Mortality attributable to pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 in San Luis Potosí, Mexico

Abstract

Please cite this paper as: Comas‐García et al. (2011) Mortality attributable to pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 in San Luis Potosí, Mexico. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 5(2), 76–82. Background Acute respiratory infections are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Starting in 2009, pandemic influenza A(H1N1) 2009 virus has become one of the leading respiratory pathogens worldwide. However, the overall impact of this virus as a cause of mortality has not been clearly defined. Objectives To determine the impact of pandemic influenza A(H1N1) 2009 on mortality in a Mexican population. Methods We assessed the impact of pandemic influenza virus on mortality during the first and second outbreaks in San Luis Potosí, Mexico, and compared it to mortality associated with seasonal influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) during the previous winter seasons. Results We estimated that, on average, 8·1% of all deaths that occurred during the 2003–2009 seasons were attributable to influenza and RSV. During the first pandemic influenza A(H1N1) 2009 outbreak, there was an increase in mortality in persons 5–59 years of age, but not during the second outbreak (Fall of 2009). Overall, pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 outbreaks had similar effects on mortality to those associated with seasonal influenza virus epidemics. Conclusions The impact of influenza A(H1N1) 2009 virus on mortality during the first year of the pandemic was similar to that observed for seasonal influenza. The establishment of real‐time surveillance systems capable of integrating virological, morbidity, and mortality data may result in the timely identification of outbreaks so as to allow for the institution of appropriate control measures to reduce the impact of emerging pathogens on the population.

Estimated global mortality associated with the first 12 months of 2009 pandemic influenza A H1N1 virus circulation: a modelling study

“…Two other UK studies were reported-in the England-only study, the estimated number of deaths was 390-490 25 and in the study of only England and Wales the estimate was 1556. 44 In one of the two studies from Mexico, the estimated mortality was 35 per 100 000 people in San Luis Potosi, 40 whereas in the other study the estimate was 6200 deaths for Mexico based on excess pneumonia and infl uenza mortality or 26 500 deaths based on excess all-cause mortality. 17 According to the estimates from two studies that included deaths in 2009 only, there were 6000 deaths in Bangladesh 45 and 0-256 deaths in Hong Kong, equal to an age-standardised mortality of 2•9-14•8 per 100 000 individuals.…”

“…We identifi ed 12 studies from eight countries in Europe, the Americas, western Pacifi c, and Asia. 14,17,23,25,[39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46] In two studies from Australia (New South Wales) 42 and the UK, 41 no deaths were estimated based on the excess all-cause mortality during periods of infl uenza virus circulation. Two other UK studies were reported-in the England-only study, the estimated number of deaths was 390-490 25 and in the study of only England and Wales the estimate was 1556.…”

Influenza Burden and Transmission in the Tropics

“…COPD refers to chronic obstructive pneumonia disease. IHD refers to ischemic heart disease (Simmerman et al [ 10 ], Wong et al [ 23 ], Comas-Garcia et al [ 24 ], Freitas et al [ 25 ], Charu et al [ 26 ], Wu et al [ 27 ], Oliveira et al [ 28 ], Chow et al [ 29 ], Wong et al [ 30 ], Lee et al [ 31 ], Ho and Chow [ 32 ], Yang et al [ 33 ], Li et al [ 13 ], Freitas et al [ 34 ])

Fig. 4 Influenza-associated mortality rates during the year of 2009 and after when A(H1N1)pdm09 virus circulated.

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“…The asterisk indicates a study period that did not cover an entire season or year. IHD refers to ischemic heart disease (Wu et al [ 35 ], Freitas et al [ 25 ], Echevarria-Zuno et al [ 20 ], Charu et al [ 26 ], Homaria et al [ 36 ], Cerbino Neto et al [ 37 ], Fowlkes et al [ 38 ], Wu et al [ 27 ], Perez-Flores et al [ 39 ], Comas-Garcia et al [ 24 ], Fajardo-Dolci et al [ 40 ], Saborio et al [ 19 ], Yang et al [ 33 ], Bunthi et al [ 41 ]) …”

Risk Factors for Severe Influenza A–Related Pneumonia in Adult Cohort, Mexico, 2013–14

“…Many patients had severe pneumonia related to influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus; the death rate was higher in Mexico than in most countries ( 3 – 5 ). …”