Mortality and Survival Factors in Patients with Moderate and Severe Pneumonia Due to COVID-19

Abstract

During the pandemic, some mortality-related factors were age, sex, comorbidities (obesity, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension), recovery time, hospitalizations, and biochemical markers. The present work aimed to identify the mortality and survival factors in adults with moderate and severe pneumonia due to COVID-19 during the first and second waves of the pandemic in Mexico at a third-level hospital (High-Specialty Regional Hospital of Ixtapaluca (HRAEI), Ixtapaluca, Estado de Mexico, Mexico). A database was generated using information from the electronic clinical records of patients hospitalized from December 2021 to August 2022. Survival analysis was performed associating age, sex, longer recovery times, and some drugs. The risk factors found were age in the patients between 40 and 60 years (OR = 1.70), male sex (OR = 1.53), the presence of comorbidities (OR = 1.66) and hypertension (OR = 2.19), work occupation (construction workers OR = 5.22, factory workers OR = 3.13, unemployed OR = 2.93), the prehospital use of metamizole sodium (OR = 2.17), cough (OR = 1.73), and in-hospital oxygen therapy (reservoir mask OR = 6.6). The survival factors found in this study were working in the healthcare field (OR = 0.26), the prehospital use of certain medications (paracetamol OR = 0.65, dexamethasone OR = 0.55, and azithromycin OR = 0.47), presenting ageusia (OR = 0.5) and hyporexia (OR = 0.34), and the time using in-hospital oxygen therapy (device 1 OR = 0.72). Prehospital treatment needs to be reevaluated as dexamethasone and azithromycin proved to be protective factors. Likewise, providing aggressive oxygen therapy during hospital admission decreased mortality risk.

Effectiveness of Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation in Improving the Metabolic and Inflammatory Profiles of Mexican Adults Hospitalized with COVID-19

“…In this context, O3FAs offer a nutritionally based option for their potential mechanisms underlying multiple actions. In this sense, previous studies in Mexico have indicated the leading risk factors for mortality in middle-aged COVID-19 patients: male, hypertension, drug addiction, and alcoholism [9,51,52]. However, scarce data support the beneficial effects of specific drugs or supplements in Mexican COVID-19 patients, triggering misconduct in drug availability, marketing, and application [53].…”

“…Severe infections are related to comorbidities, such as obesity, diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic heart failure, coronary artery diseases, metabolic syndrome, and hypertension [8]. In this regard, Galindo-Oseguera et al identified an increased risk of mortality in the presence of hypertension and diabetes linked to an exacerbated inflammatory profile in moderate and severe pneumonia due to COVID-19 in patients attending the High Specialty Regional Hospital of Ixtapaluca, Mexico (HRAEI), a regional hospital [9]. SARS-CoV-2 infection causes a pattern of metabolic and clinical manifestations, leading to leukocytopenia, lymphopenia, and elevated levels of C-reactive protein (CPR) in patients with the primary form of COVID-19 [1, [10][11][12].…”