Mortality and Sequential Organ Failure Assessment Score in Patients With Suspected Sepsis: The Impact of Acute and Preexisting Organ Failures and Infection Likelihood

Abstract

IMPORTANCE: The Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) was chosen in the definition of sepsis due to superior validity in predicting mortality. However, few studies have assessed the contributions of acute versus chronic organ failures to SOFA for mortality prediction. OBJECTIVES: The main objective in this study was to assess the relative importance of chronic and acute organ failures in mortality prediction in patients with suspected sepsis at hospital admission. We also evaluated how the presence of infection influenced the ability of SOFA to predict 30-day mortality. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Single-center prospective cohort study including 1,313 adult patients with suspected sepsis in rapid response teams in the emergency department. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The main outcome was 30-day mortality. We measured the maximum total SOFA score during admission (SOFATotal), whereas preexisting chronic organ failure SOFA (SOFAChronic) score was assessed by chart review, allowing calculation of the corresponding acute SOFA (SOFAAcute) score. Likelihood of infection was determined post hoc as “No infection” or “Infection.” RESULTS: SOFAAcute and SOFAChronic were both associated with 30-day mortality, adjusted for age and sex (adjusted odds ratios [AORs], 1.3; 95% CI, 1.3–14 and 1.3; 1.2–1.7), respectively. Presence of infection was associated with lower 30-day mortality (AOR, 0.4; 95% CI, 0.2–0.6), even when corrected for SOFA. In “No infection” patients, SOFAAcute was not associated with mortality (AOR, 1.1; 95% CI, 1.0–1.2), and in this subgroup, neither SOFAAcute greater than or equal to 2 (relative risk [RR], 1.1; 95% CI, 0.6–1.8) nor SOFATotal greater than or equal to 2 (RR, 3.6; 95% CI, 0.9–14.1) was associated with higher mortality. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Chronic and acute organ failures were equally associated with 30-day mortality in suspected sepsis. A substantial part of the total SOFA score was due to chronic organ failure, calling for caution when using total SOFA in defining sepsis and as an outcome in intervention studies. SOFA’s mortality prediction ability was highly dependent on actual presence of infection.