Mortality Analysis of COVID-19 Confirmed Cases in Pakistan

Chaudhry, Ambreen; Ikram, Aamer; Baig, Mirza Amir; Salman, Muhammad; Ghafoor, Tamkeen; Hussain, Zakir; Khan, Mumtaz Ali; Ansari, Jamil; Syed, Anjum; Javed, Wasif; Larik, Ehsan; Mohsan, Muhammad; Masood, Naveed; Iqbal, Zeeshan; Akram, Khurram

doi:10.37978/tijfs.v4i2.291

Cited by 10 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…In contrast, our study showed an insignificant difference between both genders in terms of COVID-19 severity. This observation was different from what was reported in the other reports from EMR countries [ 25 , 34 , 35 ]. This can be explained as we here investigate the risk of severity, not mortality.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

“…Several studies proposed many pathogenic mechanisms behind the critical illness in the elderly population, including low levels of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in the elderly [ 31 ], age-dependent difficulty in removing particles from small airways [ 32 ], excessive release of inflammatory mediators in elderly “inflammaging” [ 33 ], incompetent immune response, and high frequency of comorbidities in the elderly population [ 29 ]. Recent retrospective studies from Egypt [ 25 ], Iran [ 34 ], and Pakistan [ 35 ] demonstrated that older age groups were more susceptible to severe disease and death from COVID-19. This was in line with other reports from outside of EMR countries [ 36 , 37 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Predictors of severity and development of critical illness of Egyptian COVID-19 patients: A multicenter study

et al. 2021

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Objectives We conducted the present multicenter, retrospective study to assess the epidemiological, clinical, laboratory, and radiological characteristics associated with critical illness among patients with COVID-19 from Egypt. Methods The present study was a multicenter, retrospective study that retrieved the data of all Egyptian cases with confirmed COVID-19 admitted to hospitals affiliated to the General Organization for Teaching Hospitals and Institutes (GOTHI) through the period from March to July 2020. The diagnosis of COVID-19 was based on a positive reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) laboratory test. Results This retrospective study included 2724 COVID-19 patients, of whom 423 (15.52%) were critically ill. Approximately 45.86% of the critical group aged above 60 years, compared to 39.59% in the non-critical group (p = 0.016). Multivariate analysis showed that many factors were predictors of critically illness, including age >60 years (OR = 1.30, 95% CI [1.05, 1.61], p = 0.014), low oxygen saturation (OR = 0.93, 95% CI [0.91, 0.95], p<0.001), low Glasgow coma scale (OR = 0.75, 95% CI [0.67, 0.84], p<0.001), diabetes (OR = 1.62, 95% CI [1.26, 2.08], p<0.001), cancer (OR = 2.47, 95% CI [1.41, 4.35], p = 0.002), and serum ferritin (OR = 1.004, 95% CI [1.0003, 1.008], p = 0.031). Conclusion In the present report, we demonstrated that many factors are associated with COVID-19 critical illness, including older age groups, fatigue, elevated temperature, increased pulse, lower oxygen saturation, the preexistence of diabetes, malignancies, cardiovascular disease, renal diseases, and pulmonary disease. Moreover, elevated serum levels of ALT, AST, and ferritin are associated with worse outcomes. Further studies are required to identify independent predictors of mortality for patients with COVID-19.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predictors of severity and development of critical illness of Egyptian COVID-19 patients: A multicenter study

et al. 2021

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“…Both of the disorders were found signi cantly associated with mortality with odds ratio of 2.49 and 1.84 respectively. These results are consistent with previous reports on the topic as both the diabetes and hypertension have been reported as signi cant risk factors for mortality among COVID-19 patients [10][11][12][13]20,[22][23][24]. Higher risk of mortality caused of these co-morbidities may be due to an impaired immunity, high coagulation activity in diabetic patients, high in ammation [14,[23][24] and the older age of patients.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Cardiovascular diseases are always a big risk factor of mortality and in case of COVID-19 patients, it has been reported as a serious threat enhancing the risk of death to many folds [13,[19][20][21][22]. This study also pointed out that cardiovascular disease is a a serious threat raising risk of death up to 5 folds as only less than one half of the reported COVID patients with heart disorder in current study could survived and the percentages of death were 57.1% and 16.4% respectively in patients with and without CVDs with odds ratio of 5.07.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk factors associated with mortality in COVID-19 patients: a retrospective case control study

Mahmood¹,

Khurshid²,

Khan³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Background: COVID-19, a novel disease, appeared in December 2019 in China and rapidly spread across the world. This study aimed to investigate and find out the factors responsible for death of COVID patients by comparing with recovered patients. Methodology: A retrospective, case control study was conducted from August 2020 to October 2020 in three hospitals of Poonch division, AJK. Total 192 patients who have been admitted in a hospital with symptoms of COVID-19 and positive PCR test, including 152 recovered from the infection and 40 died, were enrolled in the study. Data of age, gender, occupation, body weight, temperature, diabetic status, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, lungs disorder, kidney disorder, tuberculosis, cancer and smoking was collected for all patients and entered in a datasheet. Different factors were than compared statistically between recovered and dead patients. Results: Died patients had significantly higher age (P=0.000) and body temperature (P=0.000) as compared to recovered patients. Heart disorder, lungs disorder, older age, diabetes and hypertension were found to be significant risk factors of the death in COVID-90 patients. Mortality rate was found to be significantly higher in patients with heart disorder (P=0.000; OR=5.07), lungs disorder (P=0.000; OR=4.0), older age (P=0.000; OR=3.44), diabetes (P=0.001; OR=2.49) and hypertension (P=0.024; OR=1.84) as compared to the COVID-19 patients without these factors. Mortality rate was also higher for the patients with smoking and some kidney disorder but not significant (P=0.170 and 0.191 respectively). Among the died patients, 39 (97.5%) had 1 (2.5%) or more than one of the risk factors were present while 1 patient had no obvious risk factor.Conclusion: The study concludes that heart disorder, lungs disorder, older age, diabetes and hypertension are significant risk factors of the death in COVID-90 patients. More the risk factors accumulate in a person, higher will be the risk of death.

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“…The twin cities Rawalpindi and Islamabad in Pakistan have a combined population of around 3 million people and were a hot spot during various waves of COVID-19 [8]. A few small-scale studies have been reported from Pakistan, but there is a dire need to regularly gather, document, and analyze epidemiological data from patients with COVID-19 in Pakistan in a systematic way; this is needed in order to identify high-risk groups and determine risk factors associated with poor disease prognoses, in relation with resultant morbidity or mortality [10][11][12][13][14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Presenting Characteristics, Comorbidities, and Outcomes Among Patients With COVID-19 Hospitalized in Pakistan: Retrospective Observational Study

Akhtar¹,

Khalid²,

Rahman³

et al. 2021

JMIR Public Health Surveill

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Background COVID-19 became a pandemic rapidly after its emergence in December 2019. It belongs to the coronavirus family of viruses, which have struck a few times before in history. Data based on previous research regarding etiology and epidemiology of other viruses from this family helped played a vital role in formulating prevention and precaution strategies during the initial stages of this pandemic. Data related to COVID-19 in Pakistan were not initially documented on a large scale. In addition, due to a weak health care system and low economic conditions, Pakistan’s population, in general, already suffers from many comorbidities, which can severely affect the outcome of patients infected with COVID-19. Objective COVID-19 infections are coupled with a manifestation of various notable outcomes that can be documented and characterized clinically. The aim of this study was to examine these clinical manifestations, which can serve as indicators for early detection as well as severity prognosis for COVID-19 infections, especially in high-risk groups. Methods A retrospective observational study involving abstraction of demographic features, presenting symptoms, and adverse clinical outcomes for 1812 patients with COVID-19 was conducted. Patients were admitted to the four major hospitals in the Rawalpindi-Islamabad region of Pakistan, and the study was conducted from February to August 2020. Multivariate regression analysis was carried out to identify significant indicators of COVID-19 severity, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, ventilator aid, and mortality. The study not only relates COVID-19 infection with comorbidities, but also examines other related factors, such as age and gender. Results This study identified fever (1592/1812, 87.9%), cough (1433/1812, 79.1%), and shortness of breath (998/1812, 55.1%) at the time of hospital admission as the most prevalent symptoms for patients with COVID-19. These symptoms were common but not conclusive of the outcome of infection. Out of 1812 patients, 24.4% (n=443) required ICU admission and 21.5% (n=390) required ventilator aid at some point of disease progression during their stay at the hospital; 25.9% (n=469) of the patients died. Further analysis revealed the relationship of the presented symptoms and comorbidities with the progression of disease severity in these patients. Older adult patients with comorbidities, such as hypertension, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, and asthma, were significantly affected in higher proportions, resulting in requirement of ICU admission and ventilator aid in some cases and, in many cases, even mortality. Conclusions Older adult patients with comorbidities, such as hypertension, diabetes, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder, and chronic kidney disease, are at increased risk of developing severe COVID-19 infections, with an increased likelihood of adverse clinical outcomes.

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Mortality Analysis of COVID-19 Confirmed Cases in Pakistan

Cited by 10 publications

References 17 publications

Predictors of severity and development of critical illness of Egyptian COVID-19 patients: A multicenter study

Predictors of severity and development of critical illness of Egyptian COVID-19 patients: A multicenter study

Risk factors associated with mortality in COVID-19 patients: a retrospective case control study

Presenting Characteristics, Comorbidities, and Outcomes Among Patients With COVID-19 Hospitalized in Pakistan: Retrospective Observational Study

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