Mortality Among Personnel Who Worked at the Mayak Complex in the First Years of Its Operation

Koshurnikova, N.A.; Bysogolov, Grigory D.; Bolotnikova, Marina G.; Khokhryakov, V. F.; Kreslov, V.V.; Okatenko, P.V.; Романов, С. А.; Shilnikova, Natalia S.

doi:10.1097/00004032-199607000-00015

Cited by 22 publications

(13 citation statements)

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“…The leukemia rate in workers at the reprocessing plants peaked about 2 to 5 years after the peak exposure rates and is in agreement with that observed in Japanese atomic bomb survivors (19). The data also suggest that the leukemia excess relative risk is about 1.4 per Gy, which is approximately 3-fold less than that for the atomic bomb survivors (17).…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 83%

“…Lung cancer mortality was elevated in the radiochemical plant workers and was even higher in workers at the plutonium production facility but not in the nuclear reactors where all exposures were primarily from external sources (Table 5) (19). Lung cancer mortality in workers at the nuclear plants does not appear elevated in exposed groups, some of whom averaged over 5 Sv (Table 6).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

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The Russian radiation legacy: its integrated impact and lessons.

Goldman

1997

Environ Health Perspect

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Information about the consequences of human exposure to radiation in the former Soviet Union has recently become available. These data add new insights and provide possible answers to several important questions regarding radiation and its impact on occupational and public health. The 1986 Chernobyl accident initiated a major and early increase in childhood thyroid cancer that resulted from ingestion of iodine-131 (1311) by young children living in the most heavily contaminated areas of Belarus, Ukraine, and Russia. No significant additional cancer or other adverse medical effects have yet been reported in the affected populations and among clean-up workers. Major psychological stress independent of radiation dose has been observed in those people thought to be exposed. During the early days of the atomic energy program in the former Soviet Union, some unfortunate events occurred. The country's first atomic test in Semipalatinsk in 1949 exposed over 25,000 people downwind from the blast to significant doses of fission products, especially 1311. During the late 1940s and the early 1950s nuclear material production facilities were developed near Chelyabinsk in the South Ural Mountains, which resulted in major releases into the environment and significant overexposures for thousands of workers and nearby populations. Chronic radiation sickness was observed early in exposed workers, and increases in leukemia and other cancers were also reported. The series of plutonium inhalationrelated lung cancers and fatalities among workers exposed in that first decade appears to be unique. Long-term consequences of chronic radiation sickness and four decades of follow-up are being described for the first time. Villagers downstream from the plant consumed high levels of 137Cs and 90Sr and, it is reported, manifested increases in leukemia from internal and external exposures. Although the 4G-year databases for retrospective dosimetry and epidemiology studies are just beginning to be integrated and evaluated, preliminary evaluations suggest that there may be graded, significant dose-rate amelioration factors for cancer and leukemia risks in workers and the general population relative to the risk data on the Japanese atomic bomb survivors. Even for plutonium-induced lung cancers in workers, such a dose-rate effect may be evident. These experiences give us insight into the consequences of protracted radiation at high and low doses and rates. If these findings are validated and confirmed, they can provide information that reduces some of the uncertainties in retrospective radiation dosimetry and radiation risk estimates (especially for low-level, chronic exposures) for activities related to medicine as well as the handling of nuclear materials and nuclear facility decommissioning, decontamination, and demilitarization. -Environ Health Perspect 105(Suppl 6): 1385-1391 (1997)

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

The Russian radiation legacy: its integrated impact and lessons.

Goldman

1997

Environ Health Perspect

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“…Occupational exposure to external ionizing radiation is known to be associated with leukemia incidence and mortality [Ulrich, 1946;Seltser and Sartwell, 1965;Caldwell et al, 1980Caldwell et al, , 1983Smith and Douglas, 1986;Koshurnikova et al, 1996;Cragle et al, 1999]. A point estimate for the RR from the BEIR V report for an exposure greater than 100 mSv (millisievert) is 1.57, with a 95% CI of 1.18-2.88.…”

Section: Cancermentioning

confidence: 99%

Dying for work: The magnitude of US mortality from selected causes of death associated with occupation

Steenland

Burnett

Lalich

et al. 2003

American J Industrial Med

223

155

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Our estimate is in the range reported by previous investigators, although we have restricted ourselves more than others to only those diseases with well-established occupational etiology, biasing our estimates conservatively. The underlying assumptions and data used to generate the estimates are well documented, so our estimates may be updated as new data emerges on occupational risks and exposed populations, providing an advantage over previous studies. We estimate that occupational deaths are the 8th leading cause of death in the US, after diabetes (64,751) but ahead of suicide (30,575), and greater than the annual number of motor vehicle deaths per year (43,501).

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“…In the United States, the relatively few exposures to plutonium have resulted in small intakes of plutonium that have not allowed reliable estimation of risks (Guilmette et al 1987;Muggenburg et al 1997). However, definitive evidence of adverse health effects from large internal depositions of 239 Pu has been seen in Russian nuclear workers at the Mayak Production Association (MPA) (Koshurnikova et al 1996(Koshurnikova et al , 1999.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The MPA worker cohort is a unique source of data on high exposures to plutonium in humans and has allowed direct quantification of the plutonium dose-response functions for lung, liver and bone cancer and the proportion of cancer risk attributable to internal plutonium alpha-particle exposure (Gilbert et al 2004;Koshurnikova et al 1999;Kreisheimer et al 2000;Sokolnikov et al 2008). Epidemiologic studies have shown the risk of cancer incidence and mortality among MPA workers to be significantly related to both external and internal dose (Gilbert et al 2000(Gilbert et al , 2004Koshurnikova et al 1996;Shilnikova et al 2003;Tokarskaya et al 1995). Plutonium exposure has been associated with cancers of the lung, liver and bone, the sites of plutonium accumulation; further, increased cancer incidence and mortality were significantly associated with increased plutonium exposure (Gilbert et al 2000;Jacob et al 2007;Khokhryakov et al 2002;Kreisheimer et al 2000Kreisheimer et al , 2003Leggett et al 2005;Miller et al 2003;Sokolnikov et al 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lung, Liver and Bone Cancer Mortality After Plutonium Exposure in Beagle Dogs and Nuclear Workers

Wilson¹,

Mohr²,

Frey³

et al. 2010

Health Physics

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The Mayak Production Association (MPA) worker registry has shown evidence of plutonium-induced health effects. Workers were potentially exposed to plutonium nitrate [(239)Pu(NO(3))(4)] and plutonium dioxide ((239)PuO(2)). Studies of plutonium-induced health effects in animal models can complement human studies by providing more specific data than is possible in human observational studies. Lung, liver, and bone cancer mortality rate ratios in the MPA worker cohort were compared to those seen in beagle dogs, and models of the excess relative risk of lung, liver, and bone cancer mortality from the MPA worker cohort were applied to data from life-span studies of beagle dogs. The lung cancer mortality rate ratios in beagle dogs are similar to those seen in the MPA worker cohort. At cumulative doses less than 3 Gy, the liver cancer mortality rate ratios in the MPA worker cohort are statistically similar to those in beagle dogs. Bone cancer mortality only occurred in MPA workers with doses over 10 Gy. In dogs given (239)Pu, the adjusted excess relative risk of lung cancer mortality per Gy was 1.32 (95% CI 0.56-3.22). The liver cancer mortality adjusted excess relative risk per Gy was 55.3 (95% CI 23.0-133.1). The adjusted excess relative risk of bone cancer mortality per Gy(2) was 1,482 (95% CI 566.0-5686). Models of lung cancer mortality based on MPA worker data with additional covariates adequately described the beagle dog data, while the liver and bone cancer models were less successful.

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Mortality Among Personnel Who Worked at the Mayak Complex in the First Years of Its Operation

Cited by 22 publications

References 0 publications

The Russian radiation legacy: its integrated impact and lessons.

The Russian radiation legacy: its integrated impact and lessons.

Dying for work: The magnitude of US mortality from selected causes of death associated with occupation

Lung, Liver and Bone Cancer Mortality After Plutonium Exposure in Beagle Dogs and Nuclear Workers

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