Mortality Among Marathon Runners in the United States, 2000-2009

Mathews, Simon C.; Narotsky, David L.; Bernholt, David L.; Vogt, Matthew N.P.; Hsieh, Yu Hsiang; Pronovost, Peter J.; Pham, Julius Cuong

doi:10.1177/0363546512444555

Cited by 88 publications

(75 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…After a marathon run, hospitalisation or even death can occur [3]. Statistics reported by Mathews et al [4] reveal 28 fatalities that occurred during the run or within 24 h after termination of marathon races organised in the USA from 2000 to 2009 [5]. Deaths occurred mainly among young participants (< 45 years old).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Deaths occurred mainly among young participants (< 45 years old). Therefore, scientists are increasingly interested in the issue of the body's response to the extreme effort performed by amateurs, especially economy of the use of energy sources [5][6][7][8], relationship between running speed and maximal oxygen uptake (VO 2max ) [9][10][11][12], changes of biochemical indicators in the blood [4,[13][14][15] that indicate damage to skeletal muscles and organs [16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24] and recently, advantages and threats of such an activity in terms of health [25][26][27][28][29]. Thus, it seems that monitoring of the reaction of the body by observing changes in blood indicators during a marathon run, should be a standard procedure.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Changes in blood morphology and chosen biochemical parameters in ultra-marathon runners during a 100-km run in relation to the age and speed of runners

Jastrzębski

Żychowska

Jastrzębska

et al. 2016

Int J Occup Med Environ Health

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Objectives: The objective of the study was to reveal morphology, electrolyte and chosen biochemical parameters in terms of health risk in runners in reference to their age and running speed in the case of running a distance of 100 km, which occur after 12 h or 24 h of recovery. Material and Methods: Fourteen experienced, male, amateur, ultra-marathon runners, divided into two age and two speed groups took part in the 100-km run. Blood samples for analyses indexes were collected from the ulnar vein just before the run, after 25 km, 50 km, 75 km and 100 km, as well as 12 h and 24 h after termination of the run. Results: The sustained ultramarathon run along with the distance covered (p < 0.05) caused an increase in myoglobin (max 90-fold), bilirubin (max 2.8-fold) and total antioxidant status (max 1.15-fold), which also continued during the recovery. Significant changes in the number of white blood cells were observed with each sequential course and could be associated with muscle damage. The electrolyte showed changes towards slight hyperkalemia, but no changes in natrium and calcium concentrations. There were no significant differences between the age and speed groups for all the parameters after completing the 100-km run as well as after 12 h and 24 h of recovery. Conclusions: Considering changes in blood morphology and chosen biochemical parameters in ultra-marathon runners during a 100-km run it can be stated that such an exhausting effort may be dangerous for human health due to metabolic changes and large damage to the organs. Negative metabolic changes are independent of age of an ultramarathon runner and occur both in younger (32±5.33 years) and older participants (50.56±9.7 years). It can be concluded that organ damage and negative metabolic changes during a 100-km run occur similarly in participants less experienced as well as in well trained runners. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2016;29(5):801-814

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in blood morphology and chosen biochemical parameters in ultra-marathon runners during a 100-km run in relation to the age and speed of runners

Jastrzębski

Żychowska

Jastrzębska

et al. 2016

Int J Occup Med Environ Health

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“…Rates of cardiac arrest and sudden death were 1 in 57,002 and 171,005, respectively, in runners with a mean age of 49.7 years among 1,710,052 participants in United States marathons since 1980 [2]. Atherosclerotic heart disease was the cause of death in over 90% of runners over age 40 in two retrospective studies [2,3]. A greater than two-fold increase in cardiac arrests was observed in middle-aged males in the latter half of a 10-year prospective registry ending in 2010 [4].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Epidemiological evidence regarding such events during races in the modern era has re- cently been published together with findings related to the underlying pathogenesis. Rates of cardiac arrest and sudden death were 1 in 57,002 and 171,005, respectively, in runners with a mean age of 49.7 years among 1,710,052 participants in United States marathons since 1980 [2]. Atherosclerotic heart disease was the cause of death in over 90% of runners over age 40 in two retrospective studies [2,3].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The rationale for pre-race aspirin to protect susceptible runners from sudden cardiac death during marathons: Deconstructing the Pheidippides conundrum

Siegel¹

2013

WJCD

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Objectives: While endurance exercise such as training for marathons is cardioprotective, cardiac arrests and sudden death occur in previously healthy runners during races predominantly in middle-aged males due to atherosclerotic heart disease. Recent evidence related to this problem is reviewed herein including epidemiologic studies and findings related to acute cardiac risk in asymptomatic middle-aged male runners during races. Method: Literature review related to the above. Findings: The risks of cardiac arrest and sudden death were 1 in 57,002 and 1 in 171,005 respectively in runners with a mean age of 49.7 years among 1,710,052 participants in marathons in the United States since 1980. Atherosclerotic heart disease was the cause of death in over 90% of cases in two retrospective studies and a greater than two-fold increase in cardiac arrests was observed in middle-aged men in the latter half of a 10-year prospective registry beginning in the year 2000. Asymptomatic middle-aged male runners showed elevated biomarkers of inflammation such as interleukin-6, C-reactive protein together with procoagulant effects including in vivo platelet activation, indicating susceptibility to atherothrombosis. Conclusions: Antithrombotic prophylaxis is evidencebased by validated clinical paradigms to prevent cardiac arrest and sudden death in susceptibile marathon runners at high risk for atherothrombosis during races.

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“…Endurance events such as marathon running may also have health benefits; however, the incidences of sudden cardiac deaths that have occurred during marathons imply an element of risk as well [6] [7] [8]. During aerobic exercise, Systolic BP increases as the exercise intensity increases.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Prevalence of High Blood Pressure among Marathon Runners during Beirut-Marathon 2014

Tatari¹,

Mukhtar²,

Alawieh³

et al. 2017

OJEpi

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Objective: To assess the prevalence of high blood pressure (BP) and cardiovascular risk factors among marathon runners during Beirut-Marathon 2014. Methods: A total of 325 marathon runners were divided into 42 km and 10 km groups. They were assessed for cardiovascular risk factors by measuring their BP and answering a questionnaire. The questionnaire composed of 22 questions related to demographic information, risk factors, medical history, family history, medical checkups, use of antihypertensive drugs and definition of hyponatremia. Results: There were 30 runners in the 42 km group and 295 in the 10 km group interviewed. The majority of 42 km runners were males 29 (96.7%) vs. 205 (69.5%) in the 10 km group, (P = 0.001). The 42 km group was older than 10 km group (47 ± 13.8 years vs. 38.5 ± 14.6 years; P = 0.0025). The prevalence of hypertension was 46.7% in the 42 km group as compared to 31.2% in the 10 km group (P = 0.08). Systolic BP (SBP) was higher in 42 km group vs. 10 km group (143 ± 22.4 mm Hg vs. 129.9 ± 17.8 mm Hg; P = 0.0004). The heart rate was lower among 42 km vs. 10 km group (71 ± 11.1 bpm vs. 84 ± 16 bpm; P < 0.0001). Only 10% of the runners in both groups reported that they have hypertension (HTN). Conclusion: There is a high prevalence of HTN among marathon runners but minorities were aware that they have hypertension. The 42 km runners tend to be older with higher systolic blood pressure as compared to the 10 km runners.

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Mortality Among Marathon Runners in the United States, 2000-2009

Abstract: Participation in marathons has increased without any change in mortality or average overall performance from 2000 to 2009.

Cited by 88 publications

References 24 publications

Changes in blood morphology and chosen biochemical parameters in ultra-marathon runners during a 100-km run in relation to the age and speed of runners

Changes in blood morphology and chosen biochemical parameters in ultra-marathon runners during a 100-km run in relation to the age and speed of runners

The rationale for pre-race aspirin to protect susceptible runners from sudden cardiac death during marathons: Deconstructing the Pheidippides conundrum

The Prevalence of High Blood Pressure among Marathon Runners during Beirut-Marathon 2014

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