Morris Water Maze – A Bench Mark Test for Learning and Memory Disorders in Animal Models: A Review

Venkataramaiah, Ch.; Swathi, G.; Rajendra, W

doi:10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i5.24292

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 30 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…MWM task has often been used in the validation of rodent models for neurocognitive disorders and the evaluation of possible neurocognitive treatments. [18] EPM served as the exteroceptive behavioral model to evaluate memory in rats. The spontaneous alteration in behavior in the EPM is considered to reflect working memory.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Untitled

2023

IJGP

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Objectives: To study the effects of methanolic extract of Triticum aestivum (META) supplementation on normal memory function and scopolamine-induced impaired memory in mice. Methods: The gum acacia suspension of META was administered by gavage at the dose of 200 and 400 mg/kg orally once daily in mice for 30 days to evaluate memory-enhancing potential on normal and scopolamine-induced impaired memory in albino mice. Escape latency (EL) in the Morris water maze (MWM) and transfer latency (TL) in the elevated plus maze (EPM) were recorded respectively. Mice were given four trial sessions per day to locate the platform for 6 days in the MWM model. Scopolamine 1 mg/kg was injected i.p. on the 30 th day to produce memory impairment in mice. Results: META suspension at the dose of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg showed a significant (P < 0.05) dosedependent reduction of mean EL and TL as compared to the control group in normal mice. META suspension at the dose of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg with scopolamine 1 mg/kg showed significant (P < 0.05) dose dependent reduction of EL and TL as compared to negative control group in impaired memory mice. Mean EL and TL reduction at the dose of 400 mg/kg was comparable (P > 0.05) to that of the standard nootropic agent Piracetam at the dose of 200 mg/kg in normal and scopolamine-treated mice. META at the dose of 200 and 400 mg/kg showed a better memory-enhancing effect in normal mice than in impaired memory mice using MWM and EPM models. Conclusion: The study revealed that the chronic administration of META exhibited significant learning and memory-enhancing activity in the normal as well as the scopolamine-treated impaired memory mice.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Untitled

2023

IJGP

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“… 35 This test utilizes a rat’s natural ability to swim without undergoing any major distress despite the fact that this task induces a significant stress response. 36 Accordingly, in this study, the rats were placed in a circular pool (170 cm diameter), which was filled with water in a dimly lit room. We placed spatial cues in the walls around the pool (square, cross, triangle, and in stripes).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficacy and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Ashwagandha Sustained-Release Formulation on Depression and Anxiety Induced by Chronic Unpredictable Stress: in vivo and in vitro Studies

Krishnaraju¹,

Venkateswarlu²,

Thanawala³

et al. 2023

JEP

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background Stress is the psychological, physiological, and behavioral response of an individual’s body when they perceive a lack of equilibrium between the demands placed upon them and their ability to meet those demands. Adaptogens are herbs that help with stress management, and Ashwagandha is one such safe and effective adaptogen. Objective We evaluated the anti-neuroinflammatory potential of Ashwagandha sustained-release formulation (AshwaSR) by estimating the in vitro expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and its efficacy on anxiety and depression in an in vivo study. Methods Our in vitro study investigated the anti-inflammatory potential of AshwaSR by estimating the expression of tumour necrosis factor [TNF]-α and interleukin [IL]-1β levels in LPS-induced THP-1 human monocytes, and the antioxidant effects by its potential to inhibit the superoxide [SO] generation in PMA-induced HL-60 human monocytic cells. The in vivo study assessed the efficacy of AshwaSR on chronic unpredictable stress (CUS)-induced comorbid anxiety and depression in Sprague Dawley rats. Antidepressant and anxiolytic effects of AshwaSR were evaluated by open field test (OFT), elevated plus maze (EPM), forced swim test (FST), and Morris water maze (MWM) test. Results AshwaSR inhibited TNF-α, IL-1β and superoxide production in a dose-dependent manner in the in vitro study. The in vivo CUS model induced depression-like and anxiety-like behaviour. Treatments with AshwaSR and escitalopram showed improvement in the EPM and MWM models compared to the CUS-group. Conclusion In vitro study demonstrated that AshwaSR inhibits expressions of pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-1β and TNF-α, and superoxide production. Further, the in vivo study confirmed its anxiolytic and stress-relieving effects in the CUS model that confirmed AshwaSR’s potential in managing stress and stress-related symptoms.

show abstract