Morphometry and distribution of isolated caves as a guide for phreatic and confined paleohydrological conditions

Frumkin, Amos; Fischhendler, Itay

doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2004.11.009

Cited by 86 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…(Ford & Williams 2007). eling has shown that such volume can develop in a rather short time span, about 10 000 years (Lismonde 2003). From examples in Israel, Frumkin and Fischhendler (2005) assign the origin of isolated chambers to phreatic convection.…”

Section: Giant Ascending Shaftsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Research frontiers in speleogenesis. Dominant processes, hydrogeological conditions and resulting cave patterns

Audra

Palmer

2015

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UDC 551.435.84 Philippe Audra & Arthur N. Palmer: Research frontiers in speleogenesis. Dominant processes, hydrogeological conditions and resulting cave patterns Speleogenesis is the development of well-organized cave systems by fluids moving through fissures of a soluble rock. Epigenic caves induced by biogenic CO 2 soil production are dominant, whereas hypogenic caves resulting from uprising deep flow not directly connected to adjacent recharge areas appear to be more frequent than previously considered. The conceptual models of epigenic cave development moved from early models, through the "four-states model" involving fracture influence to explain deep loops, to the digital models demonstrating the adjustment of the main flow to the water table. The relationships with base level are complex and cave levels must be determined from the elevation of the vadose-phreatic transitions. Since flooding in the epiphreatic zone may be important, the top of the loops in the epiphreatic zone can be found significantly high above the base level. The term Paragenesis is used to describe the upward development of conduits as their lower parts fill with sediments. This process often records a general baselevel rise. Sediment influx is responsible for the regulation of long profiles by paragenesis and contributes to the evolution of profiles from looping to water table caves. Dating methods allow identification of the timing of cave level evolution. The term Ghost-rock karstification is used to describe a 2-phase process of speleogenesis, with a first phase of partial solution of rock along fractures in low gradient conditions leaving a porous matrix, the ghost-rock, then a second phase of mechanical removing of the ghost-rock mainly by turbulent flow in high gradient conditions opening the passages and forming maze caves. The first weathering phase can be related either to epigenic infiltration or to hypogenic upflow, especially in marginal areas of sedimentary basins. The vertical pattern of epigenic caves is mainly controlled by timing, geological structure, types of flow and base-level changes. We define several Izvleček UDK 551.435.84 Philippe Audra & Arthur N. Palmer: Nova področja speleogenetskih raziskav: Povezava med hidrogeološkimi razmerami, prevladujočimi procesi in tipi jam Speleogeneza je razvoj dobro (samo)organiziranih jamskih sistemov, ko podzemna voda vzdolž toka raztaplja stene razpok. Najbolj poznane so epigene jame v karbonatih, kjer je poglavitni vir kemične agresivnosti pedogeni CO 2 . Bolj pogoste, kot se je v preteklosti domnevalo, so hipogene jame, ki nastanejo z dviganjem globokega toka in niso neposredno povezane z lokalnim napajalnim območjem. Prvotni konceptualni modeli razvoja epigenih jam so se preko modela štirih stanj, ki speleogenezo pojasnjuje s frekvenco prevodnih razpok, razvili do računalniških modelov, ki pojasnijo prilagoditev glavnega toka freatični površini. Povezava jamskih sistemov s položajem erozijske baze ni enostavna, saj moramo pri interpretaciji upoštevati višino preh...

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Section: Giant Ascending Shaftsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Research frontiers in speleogenesis. Dominant processes, hydrogeological conditions and resulting cave patterns

Audra

Palmer

2015

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“…The map analysis �as been used successfully for particular type of caves, suc� as coastal caves (Rot� 2004;Rot� et al 2006) or isolated voids (Frumkin & Fisc��endler 2005). Mylroie & Mylroie (2007) describe a met�od proposed by Rot� (2004) for t�e morp�ometric analysis of sea and flank-margin caves (Mylroie & Carew 1990).…”

Section: Cave-map Derived Morphometrymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Conversely, t�e flank margin caves are due to t�e intersection of isolated dissolution c�ambers by surface erosion, and translates into a EW/IW ratio < 1. Frumkin & Fisc��endler (2005) Passage Density -cave lengt� divided by t�e minimum rectangular area circumscribing t�e cave.…”

Section: Cave-map Derived Morphometrymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This kind of approac� is useful for preliminary investigation and to identify caves of particular interest. Many of t�ese indices are reliable for simple caves, suc� as coastal caves (Mylroie & Mylroie 2007) or isolated caves (Frumkin & Fisc��endler 2005) t�at �ave a little vertical range, w�ereas t�e analysis of large multi-p�ase systems requests t�e use of 3D models . All t�ese morp�ometric analysis request a long work of digitizing of cave maps or t�e possibility to get a 3D model from survey data.…”

Section: Horizontal Complexity Index (Hci) = Lp / Esmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Recent developments on morphometric analysis of karst caves

Piccini¹

2011

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IzvlečekUDK 551.442 Leonardo Piccini: Novi pristopi v morfometrični analizi kraških jam Računalniška obdelava jamski� meritev omogoča enostavno morfometrično analizo jam in kraški� sistemov. Obstaja vrsta morfometrični� kazalcev, ki opisujejo značilnosti jam razviti� v različni� okolji�, kot na primer obalne jame, labirinte in posamezne izolirane votline. Velike jamske sisteme la�ko analiziramo na osnovi nji�ovega 3D modela. Digitalni model omogoča enostavno določitev epifreatični� nivojev in ovrednotenje pomena strukturni� elementov v različni� faza� speleogeneze. Ti nivoji so še posebej pomembni, če la�ko izključimo pomen strukture ali litologije. Nekatere morfometrične kazalce, kot so razmerja med določenimi dimenzijami, la�ko uporabimo na celotni� katastrski� baza� in na ta način iščemo skupne karakteristike skupin znotraj populacije jam. Nadaljnje študije in analize bodo omogočile uporabo te� kazalcev pri interpretaciji razvoja določenega kraškega območja. Ključne besede: jama, jamski načrt, jamski nivo, morfometrija, speleogeneza. AbstractUDC 551.442 Leonardo Piccini: Recent developments on morphometric analysis of karst caves Nowadays, t�e use of computers and t�e digital tec�niques for survey processing easily allows to carry out morp�ometric analysis of caves and karst systems. Morp�ometric indices �ave been proposed by many aut�ors in order to describe t�e genetic features of some particular types of caves, suc� as coastal ones, maze caves or isolated voids. Large cave systems can be analyzed t�roug� t�e reconstruction of a 3D model. The digital model can be used to evaluate t�e role of t�e structural setting or t�e evolution stages t�roug� t�e recognizing of particular levels w�ere epi-p�reatic passages are more developed. These levels are particularly significant w�en a lit�ological or structural control can be excluded. Some morp�ometric indices, obtained by t�e ratios of simple dimension parameters of caves, allow t�e statistical analysis of large databases, collected in t�e regional speleological inventories, in t�e attempt to recognize different geomorp�ic populations of caves. Furt�er studies and a greater number of analysis could allow to use t�ese morp�o-metric indices to distinguis� genetic categories of caves and to get a useful instrument for t�e study of t�e evolution of karst areas.

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“…However, this sort of hypogene speleogenesis is characterized by water injection from a porous aquifer below or above the soluble strata, and the presence of impermeable strata in stripe karst makes a hypogene origin implausible. In contrast to isolated maze caves, which are typically formed in confined aquifers by a locally generated boost of the groundwater aggressivity (Frumkin and Fischhendler, 2005), the network of Nonshauggrotta is an integrated cave system that was formed by water that was already aggressive when injected into the marble.…”

Section: Speleogenetic Settingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Subglacial Maze Origin in Low-Dip Marble Stripe Karst: Examples from Norway

Skoglund¹,

Lauritzen²

2011

JCKS

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Maze caves or network caves are enigmatic in their evolution, as they form flow nets rather than more efficient, direct point-to-point flow routes. Network caves are often characterized by uniform passage dimensions in several directions, which indicates simultaneous dissolution of most available fractures. Nonshauggrotta in Gildeskål, northern Norway, is formed in low-dip marble strata and situated as a relict in a topographical and hydrological hanging position, thus lacking a modern drainage area. The cave displays a reticulate network geometry dictated by two orthogonal fracture sets. Passage morphology and paleocurrent marks in the cave walls (scallops) demonstrate that the cave evolved under water-filled conditions (phreatic) and that the relatively slow flow was directed uphill towards the confining aquiclude and the cliff face. In that sense, it has some resemblance to hypogene caves. However, we propose that the cave is a result of ice-contact speleogenesis, as it developed in the lee side of the Nonshaugen ridge under topographically directed glacier flow and seems independent of the otherwise variable flow regimes characteristic of the glacial environment.

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Morphometry and distribution of isolated caves as a guide for phreatic and confined paleohydrological conditions

Cited by 86 publications

References 15 publications

Research frontiers in speleogenesis. Dominant processes, hydrogeological conditions and resulting cave patterns

Research frontiers in speleogenesis. Dominant processes, hydrogeological conditions and resulting cave patterns

Recent developments on morphometric analysis of karst caves

Subglacial Maze Origin in Low-Dip Marble Stripe Karst: Examples from Norway

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