Morphometric study of human cerebral cortex development

Huttenlocher, Peter R.

doi:10.1016/0028-3932(90)90031-i

Cited by 1,086 publications

(646 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Such pruning processes are driven either by apoptosis (Cusack, Swahari, Hampton Henley, Michael Ramsey, & Deshmukh, 2013) or by experience (Eyding, Schweigart, & Eysel, 2002; Yu et al., 2013), but in all likelihood by a combination of both factors. It is well known from neurophysiological studies that the rapid phase of synaptogenesis in early childhood is followed by subsequent longer periods of pruning, during which synapses are eliminated by about 40% to reach near‐mature levels at 11 years of age (Huttenlocher, 1984, 1990; Huttenlocher & de Courten, 1987; Huttenlocher, de Courten, Garey, & Van der Loos, 1982). For example, it has been suggested that sensory deprivation during early childhood might cause a substantial reduction in pruning of the exuberant cortico‐cortical and/or cortico‐thalamo‐cortical connections that exist in early infancy.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structural and functional hyperconnectivity within the sensorimotor system in xenomelia

et al. 2017

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IntroductionXenomelia is a rare condition characterized by the persistent and compulsive desire for the amputation of one or more physically healthy limbs. We highlight the neurological underpinnings of xenomelia by assessing structural and functional connectivity by means of whole‐brain connectome and network analyses of regions previously implicated in empirical research in this condition.MethodsWe compared structural and functional connectivity between 13 xenomelic men with matched controls using diffusion tensor imaging combined with fiber tractography and resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging. Altered connectivity in xenomelia within the sensorimotor system has been predicted.ResultsWe found subnetworks showing structural and functional hyperconnectivity in xenomelia compared with controls. These subnetworks were lateralized to the right hemisphere and mainly comprised by nodes belonging to the sensorimotor system. In the connectome analyses, the paracentral lobule, supplementary motor area, postcentral gyrus, basal ganglia, and the cerebellum were hyperconnected to each other, whereas in the xenomelia‐specific network analyses, hyperconnected nodes have been found in the superior parietal lobule, primary and secondary somatosensory cortex, premotor cortex, basal ganglia, thalamus, and insula.ConclusionsOur study provides empirical evidence of structural and functional hyperconnectivity within the sensorimotor system including those regions that are core for the reconstruction of a coherent body image. Aberrant connectivity is a common response to focal neurological damage. As exemplified here, it may affect different brain regions differentially. Due to the small sample size, our findings must be interpreted cautiously and future studies are needed to elucidate potential associations between hyperconnectivity and limb disownership reported in xenomelia.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structural and functional hyperconnectivity within the sensorimotor system in xenomelia

et al. 2017

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“…Moreover, the development of the prefrontal cortex shows a protracted course that continues into the postadolescent years (Gogtay, et al, 2004;Rakic, 1995;Sowell, Thompson, Tessner & Toga, 2001). Synaptic density in the prefrontal cortex reaches its peak at about 2 years of age in humans (Huttenlocher, 1979), and then declines until it finally reaches adult levels at about 16 years of age (Huttenlocher, 1990). Myelination is also still occurring in the frontal lobe between the 2 and 6 years of age (Sampaio & Truwit, 2001).…”

Section: Development In the Dftmentioning

confidence: 99%

Generalizing the dynamic field theory of spatial cognition across real and developmental time scales

Simmering¹,

Schutte²,

Spencer³

2008

Brain Research

115

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Within cognitive neuroscience, computational models are designed to provide insights into the organization of behavior while adhering to neural principles. These models should provide sufficient specificity to generate novel predictions while maintaining the generality needed to capture behavior across tasks and/or time scales. This paper presents one such model, the Dynamic Field Theory (DFT) of spatial cognition, showing new simulations that provide a demonstration proof that the theory generalizes across developmental changes in performance in four tasks-the Piagetian A-not-B task, a sandbox version of the A-not-B task, a canonical spatial recall task, and a position discrimination task. Model simulations demonstrate that the DFT can accomplish both specificity-generating novel, testable predictions-and generality-spanning multiple tasks across development with a relatively simple developmental hypothesis. Critically, the DFT achieves generality across tasks and time scales with no modification to its basic structure and with a strong commitment to neural principles. The only change necessary to capture development in the model was an increase in the precision of the tuning of receptive fields as well as an increase in the precision of local excitatory interactions among neurons in the model. These small quantitative changes were sufficient to move the model through a set of quantitative and qualitative behavioral changes that span the age range from 8 months to 6 years and into adulthood. We conclude by considering how the DFT is positioned in the literature, the challenges on the horizon for our framework, and how a dynamic field approach can yield new insights into development from a computational cognitive neuroscience perspective.

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“…Brain development continues into adolescence, being characterized by continued maturation of neural systems, which encompasses neuroproliferation, apoptosis, and a severe loss of synaptic connections (Altman and Bayer, 1990;Bayer et al, 1982;Bayer, 1983;Huttenlocher, 1990;McWilliams and Lynch, 1983;Rakic et al, 1994). More specifically, the maturation of central cholinergic systems involved in learning, memory, and psychostimulant responses is consolidated during the periadolescent period Nadler et al, 1974;Zahalka et al, 1993), and an important aspect of this period is that neuronal stimulation induces synaptic rearrangement (Scheetz and Constantine-Paton, 1994), which indicates that adolescent brain is vulnerable to central nervous system stimulants.…”

Section: Neurobiology Of Nicotine Vs Ethanol Interactionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Combined Exposure to Nicotine and Ethanol in Adolescent Mice Differentially Affects Anxiety Levels during Exposure, Short-Term, and Long-Term Withdrawal

Abreu‐Villaça

Nunes

Queiroz-Gomes

et al. 2007

Neuropsychopharmacol

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Smoking and consumption of alcoholic beverages are frequently associated during adolescence. This association could be explained by the cumulative behavioral effects of nicotine and ethanol, particularly those related to anxiety levels. However, despite epidemiological findings, there have been few animal studies of the basic neurobiology of the combined exposure in the adolescent brain. In the present work we assessed, through the use of the elevated plus maze, the short-and long-term anxiety effects of nicotine (NIC) and/or ethanol (ETOH) exposure during adolescence (from the 30th to the 45th postnatal day) in four groups of male and female C57BL/6 mice: (1) Concomitant NIC (nicotine free-base solution (50 mg/ml) in 2% saccharin to drink) and ETOH (ethanol solution (25%, 2 g/kg) i.p. injected every other day) exposure; (2) NIC exposure; (3) ETOH exposure; (4) Vehicle. C57BL/6 mice were selected, in spite of the fact that they present slower ethanol metabolism, because they readily consume nicotine in the concentration used in the present study. During exposure (45th postnatal day: PN45), our results indicated that ethanol was anxiolytic in adolescent mice and that nicotine reverted this effect. Short-term drug withdrawal (PN50) elicited sex-dependent effects: exposure to nicotine and/or ethanol was anxiogenic only for females. Although neither nicotine nor ethanol effects persisted up to 1 month postexposure (PN75), the coadministration elicited an anxiogenic response. In spite of the fact that generalizations based on the results from a single strain of mice are prone to shortcomings, our results suggest that the deficient response to the anxiolytic effects of ethanol in adolescents co-exposed to nicotine may drive higher ethanol consumption. Additionally, increased anxiety during long-term smoking and drinking withdrawal may facilitate relapse to drug use.

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Morphometric study of human cerebral cortex development

Cited by 1,086 publications

References 32 publications

Structural and functional hyperconnectivity within the sensorimotor system in xenomelia

Structural and functional hyperconnectivity within the sensorimotor system in xenomelia

Generalizing the dynamic field theory of spatial cognition across real and developmental time scales

Combined Exposure to Nicotine and Ethanol in Adolescent Mice Differentially Affects Anxiety Levels during Exposure, Short-Term, and Long-Term Withdrawal

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