Morphometric Study and Branching Patterns of External Carotid Artery Using Computed Tomography Angiography Among the South Indian Population: A Retrospective Study

Sasikumar, Nandhini; Vijayalakshmi, S; Raghunath, Gunapriya; Balaji, K.; Nithya, S; KS, Priya Dharshini; Kumaresan, M; G, Sankara Narayanan; Gurusamy, Karthikeyan; Francis, Yuvaraj Maria

doi:10.7759/cureus.35624

Cited by 2 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 53 publications

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“…The incidence of the LFT was variably reported, the unilateral cases being or not being distinguished from the bilateral ones (Table 1). Of these studies, a computed tomography study on 100 cases found a 15% prevalence of LFTs [28]. A different angioCT study on 76 cases found a prevalence of the LFT of 15.5%, but the uni-and bilateral cases were not distinguished [29].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

The Diversity of the Linguofacial Trunk

Dumitru,

Vrapciu,

Rusu

2024

Medicina

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Background and Objectives: Typically, the external carotid artery (ECA) sends off separate anterior branches: the superior thyroid, lingual, and facial arteries. These could, however, form common trunks: thyrolinguofacial, linguofacial (LFT), or thyrolingual. Although known, the LFT variant was poorly detailed previously, and most authors just counted the variant. We aimed to demonstrate the individual anatomical possibilities of the LFT on a case-by-case basis. Materials and Methods: 150 archived angioCT files were used. After applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, 147 files of 86 males and 61 females were kept for this study. Results: In 34/147 cases, LFTs were found (23.12%). Bilateral LFTs were found in 13/34 cases (38.24%) and unilateral LFTs in 21/34 (61.76%) cases. Forty-seven LFTs were thus identified and further studied for different variables. Regarding the vertical topography of LFT origin, type 1a (suprahyoid and infragonial) was found in 28 LFTs (59.57%), type 1b (suprahyoid and gonial) was found in eight LFTs (17.02%), type 3 (suprahyoid and supragonial) was found in two LFTs (4.25%), type 2 (hyoid level of origin) in eight LFTs (17.02%), and type 3 (infrahyoid origin) in just one LFT (2.12%). Types of the initial course of the LFT were determined: type I, ascending, was found in 22/47 LFTs; type II, descending, in 12/47 LFTs; and type III, transverse, in 13/47 LFTs. Regarding the orientation of the first loop of the LFT, 23/47 LFTs had no loop, 4/47 had anterior loops, 1/47 had a posterior loop, 5/47 had superior loops, 5/47 had inferior loops, and 9/47 had medial loops. The position of the LFT relative to the ECA was classified as medial, anterior, or antero-medial. An amount of 12/47 LFTs were anterior to the ECA, 22/47 were antero-medial, 10/47 were medial, 2/47 were inferior, and 1/47 was lateral. Regarding their general morphology, 23/47 LFTs had a rectilinear course, 22/47 had loops, and 2/47 were coiled. A case-by-case presentation of results further demonstrated the diversity of the LFT. Conclusions: In conclusion, the morphology and topography of the LFT are individually specific and unpredictable. It can be anticipated case-by-case by surgeons on CT or MR angiograms.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

The Diversity of the Linguofacial Trunk

Dumitru,

Vrapciu,

Rusu

2024

Medicina

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Variations in external carotid artery branches and common carotid bifurcation level: a computed tomography angiography study

Abd Ella,

El Zawawi,

Elsawaf

et al. 2023

Egypt J Radiol Nucl Med

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Background The common carotid bifurcation level is an important surgical landmark during head and neck surgery, especially endarterectomy, that could be omitted in patients with high bifurcation levels to reduce damage to neighboring structures like the hypoglossal nerve. Additionally, having a thorough understanding of the variations in the external carotid artery branches is crucial for head and neck cancer surgeries and thyroidectomy. However, cadavers were employed in the majority of studies on these variations. In previous research, there were significant disparities in the incidence of these variations according to gender, laterality, and ethnicity. In order to identify these changes in Egyptian patients and to compare them in terms of gender and laterality, we used computed tomographic angiography. Methods The level of the common carotid bifurcation was assessed in a cross-sectional study utilizing computed tomographic angiography, which included 80 patients (160 carotid sides) for comparing the common carotid artery bifurcation level with the relevant vertebrae and anterior neck structures, and they were compared with regard to gender and laterality. Variations in the external carotid artery branches were also evaluated. Results The most frequent location of the common carotid bifurcation level was between C3 and C4 (33.8%). It was 36.9% between the thyroid and the hyoid. 47.5% of patients had a high common carotid bifurcation (higher than the C3/4 level). The highest bifurcation was at C2, while the lowest was at D1. For external carotid artery branches variations, the superior thyroid artery emerged at and below the level of the common carotid bifurcation, respectively, at 19.4% and 23.7%. The facial artery had the largest diameter (2.38 ± 0.44 mm), while the ascending pharyngeal artery had the smallest (1.17 ± 0.11 mm). Seven types of trunks were found; the ascending pharyngeal artery-occipital artery trunk was the most common (25%) and was followed by the lingual artery-facial artery trunk (20%). Conclusions Multiple anatomical variations in the external carotid artery branches and the common carotid bifurcation level were found by computed tomographic angiography. As a result, it can be utilized as a useful imaging technique to evaluate these variations before surgery.

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Morphometric Study and Branching Patterns of External Carotid Artery Using Computed Tomography Angiography Among the South Indian Population: A Retrospective Study

Cited by 2 publications

References 53 publications

The Diversity of the Linguofacial Trunk

The Diversity of the Linguofacial Trunk

Variations in external carotid artery branches and common carotid bifurcation level: a computed tomography angiography study

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