Morphometric dimensions of the caudal cervical vertebral column in clinically normal Doberman Pinschers, English Foxhounds and Doberman Pinschers with clinical signs of disk-associated cervical spondylomyelopathy

Decker, Steven De; Gielen, Ingrid; Duchateau, Luc; Bree, Henri J. J. van; Waelbers, Tim; Bavegems, Valérie; Ham, Luc M. L. Van

doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2010.12.017

Cited by 28 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…In human beings, a developmentally narrow cervical vertebral canal is a major predisposing factor for the development of cervical spondylotic myelopathy (Okada et al, 1994; Kato et al, 2012). Morphometric MRI studies in Dobermans with and without CSM also showed that CSM-affected Dobermans had smaller VCA, which likely predisposes them to the development of CSM (da Costa et al, 2006; De Decker et al, 2012b). Postmortem examinations in CSM-affected GDs showed that the vertebral canal of the mid- and caudal cervical vertebrae was narrower at the cranial aspect of the vertebral bodies than at the caudal end and that the distances between articular processes and pedicles within a vertebra were decreased due to transverse stenosis of the vertebral canal (Wright et al, 1973; Rendano and Smith, 1981; Olsson et al, 1982; Lewis, 1989).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

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Cervical spondylomyelopathy in Great Danes: A magnetic resonance imaging morphometric study

Martín-Vaquero

Costa

Lima

2014

The Veterinary Journal

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Morphometric investigations comparing normal and affected animals increase our understanding of spinal diseases in dogs. The aim of this study was to generate morphometric data for osseous-associated cervical spondylomyelopathy (CSM) in Great Danes (GDs). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) morphometric features of the cervical vertebral column of GDs with and without clinical signs of CSM were characterized and compared. Thirty client-owned GDs were prospectively enrolled, including 15 clinically normal and 15 CSM-affected GDs. All dogs underwent MRI of the cervical to thoracic vertebral column (C2–C3 through T1–T2). Areas of the cranial and caudal articular processes, and the height, width and areas of the vertebral canal and spinal cord were determined. Middle foraminal heights were measured. Intervertebral disc width was measured before and after traction. Intraobserver and interobserver agreement were calculated. CSM-affected GDs had larger areas of the caudal articular processes from C2–C3 through T1–T2. In CSM-affected GDs, the vertebral canal and spinal cord areas were significantly smaller at C5–C6 and C6–C7, the vertebral canal width was significantly narrower at C6–C7 and C7–T1, and the spinal cord width was significantly narrower at C5–C6 and C6–C7. Middle foraminal height was smaller in CSM-affected GDs from C3–C4 through C7-T1. Neutral intervertebral disc widths were smaller in CSM-affected GDs. It was concluded that the cervical vertebral canal dimensions are significantly different between normal and CSM-affected GDs. Absolute vertebral canal stenosis and severe foraminal stenosis involving the cervical vertebrae distinguish CSM-affected from clinically normal GDs. These findings are relevant to the pathogenesis of osseous-associated CSM and should be taken into consideration when performing imaging studies and planning surgery.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Morphometric MRI studies of the cervical vertebral column have also been reported in Doberman dogs with and without signs of disc-associated CSM (da Costa et al, 2006; De Decker et al, 2012b). However, no equivalent studies are available for giant breed dogs with osseous-associated CSM.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Cervical spondylomyelopathy in Great Danes: A magnetic resonance imaging morphometric study

Martín-Vaquero

Costa

Lima

2014

The Veterinary Journal

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“…Regarding DA-CSM, morphometric MRI comparison of affected and non-affected Doberman Pinchers showed smaller spinal cord area, smaller vertebral canal height and more square shaped vertebral bodies compared to their normal counterparts (19, 20). Disk width was evaluated as a stand-alone morphometric MRI measurement in dogs with and without DA-CSM and was found to be positively associated with age but not associated with the clinical status of the dog (22).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…CSM has been divided into two distinctly different types: osseous-associated and disk-associated (OA-CSM and DA-CSM, respectively). Both of these diseases have been evaluated morphometrically using various imaging modalities (13, 19–24). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cervical Intervertebral Disk to Vertebral Body Ratios of Different Dog Breeds Based on Sagittal Magnetic Resonance Imaging

et al. 2018

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Objective: To establish sagittal area and length reference values and ratios between apparently normal canine cervical vertebrae and intervertebral disks using magnetic resonance imaging.Sample: Retrospective evaluation of cervical vertebral column magnetic resonance imaging studies of 44 dogs representing 5 different breeds (Labrador Retriever, n = 10; French Bulldog, n = 10; Great Dane, n = 9; Chihuahua, n = 10; Dachshund, n = 5).Procedures: Mid-sagittal measurements of vertebral body and disk areas were obtained from C3 through C7 vertebrae and C2/C3 through C6/C7 intervertebral disks. Disk to vertebra area ratios were calculated and compared among dog breeds. Additionally, sagittal vertebral body and disk length measurements were obtained and disk to vertebra length ratios calculated. Inter and intra observer variability was assessed.Results: There were significant differences for disk to vertebral body area and length ratios between evaluated dog breeds and cervical vertebral locations (p < 0.001). Mean area ratio of Chihuahuas was significantly larger than all other breeds, while results from Dachshunds were only significantly different than Chihuahuas and Labrador Retrievers. Mean area ratios were statistically different between the cranial and caudal cervical vertebral locations. Regarding length ratios, results from Chihuahuas were significantly different than all breeds except Dachshunds. Mean length ratios were statistically different between all cervical locations, except C2/C3 compared to C3/C4. Intra- and interobserver variability was very good to excellent.Conclusion and Clinical Relevance: There are significant differences in area and length ratios between dog breeds. Differences also exist in area and length ratios between the cranial and caudal cervical vertebral column. These differences may play a role in the development of vertebral column diseases including intervertebral disk disease.

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“…It is also reported that intervertebral disc degeneration and disc-associated compression of the spinal cord demonstrated in imaging in clinically normal Dobermans and Foxhounds were significantly associated with the older age category (>5 years), implying that these lesions are part of the aging process in dogs. Furthermore, it is suggested that, as long the cross sectional area of the spinal cord is preserved, despite obvious deformation of its shape in longitudinal series at the same level, clinical signs may not occur, due to compensation mechanism of spinal cord in relatively wider vertebral canal (De Decker et al, 2012a). Dobermans may be predisposed to cervical discassociated compression due to congenital or acquired minor vertebral canal stenosis.…”

Section: αEtiology and Pathophysiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Cervical spondylomyelopathy in dogs

Μουζακιτησ)

Kazakos

Patsikas

et al. 2017

J Hellenic Vet Med Soc

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ABSTRACT. Cervical spondylomyelopathy (CSM) is the most common disease of the cervical spine in large and giant breed dogs. Its exact aetiology is not known and the relevant pathophysiology is not clear; two clinical entities are currently recognised: disc-associated and osseous-associated spinal cord compression. History and clinical signs are indicative of cervical spondylomyelopathy, although its neurologic manifestation can vary from cervical pain only to tetraparesis and respiratory compromise. Imaging of the spine is fundamental for definitive diagnosis and includes radiography, myelography, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. It is also the cornerstone of surgical planning. This is usually based on the subjective concept of dynamic or static compressive lesions. Among the advanced imaging techniques, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to myelography for diagnosis of cervical spondylomyelopathy, although, at present, these techniques can be considered complementary. Furthermore, attention is drawn to the false positive interpretations of magnetic resonance findings, which are related to clinically irrelevant spinal cord compression. Hence, the degree of agreement between neuroanatomic localization and neuroimaging is of the outmost importance. Conservative treatment consists of strict restriction of the animal and the use of steroid or non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs. Objective of surgical treatment is to decompress the spinal cord. However, the decision-making process of surgical treatment is more complicated, because a large number of different surgical techniques have been proposed. Adjacent segment disease is a controversial complication of the surgical treatment of disk-associated cervical spondylomyelopathy and recently introduced motion-preserving techniques are targeted on reducing its occurrence. Significant prognostic information for focal parenchymal damage may derive from magnetic resonance imaging studies, but this remains to be further clarified.

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Morphometric dimensions of the caudal cervical vertebral column in clinically normal Doberman Pinschers, English Foxhounds and Doberman Pinschers with clinical signs of disk-associated cervical spondylomyelopathy

Cited by 28 publications

References 18 publications

Cervical spondylomyelopathy in Great Danes: A magnetic resonance imaging morphometric study

Cervical spondylomyelopathy in Great Danes: A magnetic resonance imaging morphometric study

Cervical Intervertebral Disk to Vertebral Body Ratios of Different Dog Breeds Based on Sagittal Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Cervical spondylomyelopathy in dogs

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