Morphometric and genetic evidence for four species of gentoo penguin

Tyler, Joshua; Bonfitto, Matthew T.; Clucas, Gemma V.; Reddy, Srinivas K.; Younger, Jane L.

doi:10.1002/ece3.6973

Cited by 12 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…The tracking data reported here suggest source populations for the ongoing range expansion of gentoo penguins in the WAP. Genetic analysis indicates that basin-scale dispersal and colonization events are rare for this species, and the Polar Front is an effective boundary between sub-Antarctic and Antarctic populations [ 23 , 43 ]. At smaller spatial scales, gentoo penguins are well-known colonizers of new breeding territory and quickly take advantage of ice-free breeding space [ 36 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coastal regions of the northern Antarctic Peninsula are key for gentoo populations

et al. 2021

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Southern Ocean ecosystems are rapidly changing due to climate variability. An apparent beneficiary of such change in the western Antarctic Peninsula (WAP) is the gentoo penguin Pygoscelis papua , which has increased its population size and expanded its range southward in the last 20 years. To better understand how this species has responded to large-scale changes, we tracked individuals during the non-breeding winter period from five colonies across the latitudinal range of breeding sites in the WAP, including from a recently established colony. Results highlight latitudinal gradients in movement; strong associations with shallow, coastal habitats along the entire Antarctic Peninsula; and movements that are independent of, yet constrained by, sea ice. It is clear that coastal habitats essential to gentoo penguins during the breeding season are similarly critical during winter. Larger movements of birds from northern colonies in the WAP further suggest that leap-frog migration may influence colonization events by facilitating nest-area prospecting and use of new haul-out sites. Our results support efforts to develop a marine protected area around the WAP. Winter habitats used by gentoo penguins outline high priority areas for improving the management of the spatio-temporally concentrated krill ( Euphausia superba ) fishery that operates in this region during winter.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coastal regions of the northern Antarctic Peninsula are key for gentoo populations

et al. 2021

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“…Gentoo penguins (P. papua), on the other hand, exhibited greater genomic structure among colonies geographically isolated on different islands (15.81% and F ST =0.217). However, the analysis of gentoo penguins involved divergent lineages that were recently proposed to represent at least four distinct species, based on their genomic divergence and fine-scale morphometric differences (Clucas et al, 2018;de Dinechin et al, 2012;Pertierra et al, 2020;Tyler et al, 2020;Vianna et al, 2017). Another recent study using mitochondrial genomes from all penguin species found that the range of sequence divergence among well-defined species is 0.8%-5.2% (Cole, Dutoit, et al, 2019;Cole, Ksepka, et al, 2019).…”

Section: Gene Flow Among Rockhopper Taxamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…oceanographic conditions over their distributional range, diet and breeding period), it may constrain differentiation in some phenotypic traits (Fiser et al, 2018) if they have moved towards the same adaptive peak. The extent of niche overlap might also explain the limited morphological differentiation among Eudyptes penguins, not only for the rockhopper penguin, but also among other penguin species complexes (Tyler et al, 2020). In this sense, the use of genomic approaches with extensive sampling across the species complex range is critically important if inter-versus intraspecific taxonomic boundaries are to be delineated.…”

Section: Integrative Taxonomymentioning

confidence: 99%

Taxonomy based on limited genomic markers may underestimate species diversity of rockhopper penguins and threaten their conservation

Frugone

Cole

López

et al. 2021

Diversity and Distributions

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“…Gentoo penguins Pygoscelis papua are distributed across the Falklands, subantarctic islands and Antarctic Peninsula, and the 25% of the world population that breeds at South Georgia (Lynch, 2013) has been proposed as a cryptic species P. poncetii (Tyler et al., 2020). Poor krill availability during winter at South Georgia can reduce gentoo penguin breeding numbers in the following breeding season by lowering survival and breeding propensity (Croxall & Rothery, 1995).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in prey fields increase the potential for spatial overlap between gentoo penguins and a krill fishery within a marine protected area

Ratcliffe

Deagle

Love

et al. 2021

Diversity and Distributions

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AIM Management of competition with predators is an important consideration for fisheries, particularly within marine protected areas (MPAs) where conservation is a primary objective. We aimed to test whether static no‐take zones within a large, sustainable‐use MPA prevented overlap between gentoo penguins and a krill fishery during two winters with contrasting prey fields. LOCATION South Georgia, Southwest Atlantic Ocean. METHOD We used satellite tracking (N = 16, June–September 2018) to describe gentoo penguin movements and distribution and quantified their overlap with the MPA’s no‐take zone (NTZ) and the krill fishing grounds. DNA metabarcoding of scats (N = 220, April–September 2018) was used to quantify diet. RESULTS When krill were at moderate densities and evenly distributed in 2001, gentoo penguins would have spent all of their time within the 12 NM NTZ, but when availability was low in 2018, they spent 46.3% of their time outside the NTZ and 9.6% within the krill fishing grounds. The extension of the NTZ to 30 km in response to this finding would have produced a 14.9% increase in protection for penguins and displaced 4% of fishery hauls. Gentoo penguin diet comprised 25.8% krill, which is lower than in the late 1980s but more than in 2009. MAIN CONCLUSIONS Gentoo penguins extend their foraging range when krill is scarce, which increases the potential for spatial overlap with the krill fishery during periods of nutritional stress. Current regulations allow for expansion of both extent and catches by the krill fishery and, should this occur, gentoo penguins may face heightened risks from competition. A dynamic ocean management framework, that extends closed areas in response to near real‐time data on penguin movements and krill density estimates, may reduce the potential for competition in this sustainable‐use MPA while allowing a profitable krill fishery.

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Morphometric and genetic evidence for four species of gentoo penguin

Abstract: This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Cited by 12 publications

References 46 publications

Coastal regions of the northern Antarctic Peninsula are key for gentoo populations

Coastal regions of the northern Antarctic Peninsula are key for gentoo populations

Taxonomy based on limited genomic markers may underestimate species diversity of rockhopper penguins and threaten their conservation

Changes in prey fields increase the potential for spatial overlap between gentoo penguins and a krill fishery within a marine protected area

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