Morphometric Analysis of the Human Trigeminal Nerve

Ezure, Hiromitsu; Goto, Noboru; Nonaka, Naoko; Goto, Jun; Tani, Hiroshi

doi:10.2535/ofaj1936.78.2-3_49

Cited by 9 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Thus, tumors arising from non-myelinating Schwann cells may very well be Leu7-negative. The percentage of unmyelinated axons in the various branches of the human trigeminal nerve is not well characterized, except that the majority of axons are myelinated [94]. Counts of unmyelinated fibres are difficult as the axons are closely packed together in groups and it is difficult to distinguish individual axons [95].…”

Section: Lack Of Oec-specific Markersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Why are olfactory ensheathing cell tumors so rare?

et al. 2019

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The glial cells of the primary olfactory nervous system, olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs), are unusual in that they rarely form tumors. Only 11 cases, all of which were benign, have been reported to date. In fact, the existence of OEC tumors has been debated as the tumors closely resemble schwannomas (Schwann cell tumors), and there is no definite method for distinguishing the two tumor types. OEC transplantation is a promising therapeutic approach for nervous system injuries, and the fact that OECs are not prone to tumorigenesis is therefore vital. However, why OECs are so resistant to neoplastic transformation remains unknown. The primary olfactory nervous system is a highly dynamic region which continuously undergoes regeneration and neurogenesis throughout life. OECs have key roles in this process, providing structural and neurotrophic support as well as phagocytosing the axonal debris resulting from turnover of neurons. The olfactory mucosa and underlying tissue is also frequently exposed to infectious agents, and OECs have key innate immune roles preventing microbes from invading the central nervous system. It is possible that the unique biological functions of OECs, as well as the dynamic nature of the primary olfactory nervous system, relate to the low incidence of OEC tumors. Here, we summarize the known case reports of OEC tumors, discuss the difficulties of correctly diagnosing them, and examine the possible reasons for their rare incidence. Understanding why OECs rarely form tumors may open avenues for new strategies to combat tumorigenesis in other regions of the nervous system.

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Section: Lack Of Oec-specific Markersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Why are olfactory ensheathing cell tumors so rare?

et al. 2019

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“…The trigeminal nerve from five cadavers (all males, aged 67–95 years) was analyzed using the same methods 58 . The area and perimeter of axons were larger in the motor root (portio minor) than in the sensory root (portio major).…”

Section: Miscellaneousmentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphometric evaluations of the human nervous system

Goto

2006

Human Cell

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It is very important to evaluate and accurately understand the various conditions of the human nervous system. In this review article, we introduce several morphometric reports that are proven to be accurate from the view point of various errors (range of tissue shrinkage ratios, microscopic multiple counting, artifacts of microscopic structures, etc.). We review the following aspects of the selected reports: methodology, developmental research, neuronal differences, gender differences, aging process and miscellaneous (nerve fibers, unmyelinated fibers, in relation to neuropathology, clinical image-analysis and immunohistochemistry).

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“…The ophthalmic, maxillary and mandibular nerves and their branches take somatosensory information from the head and face to the TG, where the roots of the TG laterally end up in mid-pons toward the trigeminal nuclei (Ezure et al, 2001). These nuclei are present in the midbrain (mesencephalic nucleus), pons (principal nucleus) and medulla/upper spinal cord (spinal nucleus).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Knowledge about physiological aspects of the trigeminal system today is largely based on animal models (Akerman and Goadsby, 2015;Herta et al, 2017), cadaver studies (Ezure et al, 2001;Williams et al, 2003) or extrapolations from peripheral nerve functioning. Human studies are frequently limited to pathophysiology and lack proper study designs (Tanaka and Zhao, 2016;Goadsby et al, 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neurophysiological aspects of the trigeminal sensory system: an update

Cruyssen

Politis

2018

Reviews in the Neurosciences

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AbstractThe trigeminal system is one of the most complex cranial nerve systems of the human body. Research on it has vastly grown in recent years and concentrated more and more on molecular mechanisms and pathophysiology, but thorough reviews on this topic are lacking, certainly on the normal physiology of the trigeminal sensory system. Here we review the current literature on neurophysiology of the trigeminal nerve from peripheral receptors up to its central projections toward the somatosensory cortex. We focus on the most recent scientific discoveries and describe historical relevant research to substantiate further. One chapter on new insights of the pathophysiology of pain at the level of the trigeminal system is added. A database search of Medline, Embase and Cochrane was conducted with the search terms ‘animal study’, ‘neurophysiology’, ‘trigeminal’, ‘oral’ and ‘sensory’. Articles were manually selected after reading the abstract and where needed the article. Reference lists also served to include relevant research articles. Fifty-six articles were included after critical appraisal. Physiological aspects on mechanoreceptors, trigeminal afferents, trigeminal ganglion and central projections are reviewed in light of reference works. Embryologic and anatomic insights are cited where needed. A brief description of pathophysiology of pain pathways in the trigeminal area and recent advances in dental stem cell research are also discussed. Neurophysiology at the level of the central nervous system is not reviewed. The current body of knowledge is mainly based on animal and cadaveric studies, but recent advancements in functional imaging and molecular neuroscience are elucidating the pathways and functioning of this mixed nerve system. Extrapolation of animal studies or functioning of peripheral nerves should be warranted.

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Morphometric Analysis of the Human Trigeminal Nerve

Cited by 9 publications

References 9 publications

Why are olfactory ensheathing cell tumors so rare?

Why are olfactory ensheathing cell tumors so rare?

Morphometric evaluations of the human nervous system

Neurophysiological aspects of the trigeminal sensory system: an update

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