Morphometric Analysis of the Fibroadipose Tissue of the Female Pelvis

De, Raffaele; Aragona, F; HERMS, A.; Guidolin, Diego; Brizzi, E; Pagano, F.

doi:10.1016/s0022-5347(01)62764-2

Cited by 24 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…The orbital areolar connective tissue is an important suspensor mechanism of the eye, cooperating closely with the other orbital structures and forming a functional anatomic entity [Koornneef, 1979]. Retroperitoneal pelvic connective tissue may act as a shock absorber, particularly efficient in response to sudden increases in abdominal pressure [De Caro et al, 1998]. The arrangement of the fibroadipose tissue sheaths of the epineurium of the musculocutaneous nerve may be compared to a 'telescope', which allows harmonic compliance between variations in the length of the coracobrachialis muscle with respect to the constant course of the musculocutaneous nerve [Macchi et al, 2007].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Histotopographic Study of the Fibroadipose Connective Cheek System

Macchi¹,

Tiengo²,

Porzionato³

et al. 2009

Cells Tissues Organs

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the morphology of the superficial musculoaponeurotic system (SMAS). Eight embalmed cadavers were analyzed: one side of the face was macroscopically dissected; on the other side, full-thickness samples of the parotid, zygomatic, nasolabial fold and buccal regions were taken. In all specimens, a laminar connective tissue layer (SMAS) bounding two different fibroadipose connective layers was identified. The superficial fibroadipose layer presented vertically oriented fibrous septa, connecting the dermis with the superficial aspect of the SMAS. In the deep fibroadipose connective layer, the fibrous septa were obliquely oriented, connecting the deep aspect of the SMAS to the parotid-masseteric fascia. This basic arrangement shows progressive thinning of the SMAS from the preauricular district to the nasolabial fold (p < 0.05). In the parotid region, the mean thicknesses of the superficial and deep fibroadipose connective tissues were 1.63 and 0.8 mm, respectively, whereas in the region of the nasolabial fold the superficial layer is not recognizable and the mean thickness of the deep fibroadipose connective layer was 2.9 mm. The connective subcutaneous tissue of the face forms a three-dimensional network connecting the SMAS to the dermis and deep muscles. These connective laminae connect adipose lobules of various sizes within the superficial and deep fibroadipose tissues, creating a three-dimensional network which modulates transmission of muscle contractions to the skin. Changes in the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the fibroadipose connective system, reducing its viscoelastic properties, may contribute to ptosis of facial soft tissues during aging.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Histotopographic Study of the Fibroadipose Connective Cheek System

Macchi¹,

Tiengo²,

Porzionato³

et al. 2009

Cells Tissues Organs

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“…The pelvic viscera with the surrounding connective tissue and pelvic floor were harvested en bloc from unembalmed cadavers 24 hr after death, according to previously described technique by De Caro, 11 Macchi 12 and Porzionato. 13 …”

Section: Sampling Of the Pelvic Visceramentioning

confidence: 99%

“…After vacuum impregnation, the specimens were cured by exposure to ultraviolet light and heat (50 C°). 11,13,[15][16][17][18] …”

Section: Plastinationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Histo‐Topographic study of the longitudinal anal muscle

et al. 2008

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The longitudinal anal muscle (LAM) has been described as a vertical layer of muscular tissue interposed between the circular layers of the internal (IAS) and external (EAS) anal sphincters. There is, however, no general agreement in the literature on its composition and attachments. The aim of this study was to investigate the histological structure, attachments, and topography of the LAM in order to evaluate its role in continence and defecation, thus enhancing knowledge of the surgical anatomy of this region. After in situ formalin fixation, the pelvic viscera were removed from eight male and eight female cadavers (age range: 52–72 years). Serial macrosections of the bladder base, lower rectum and anal canal, cervix and pelvic floor complex, cut in the transverse (six specimens) and coronal (six specimens) planes, underwent histological and immunohistochemical studies. Four specimens were studied using the E12 sheet plastination technique. The LAM was identified in 10/12 specimens (83%). Transverse and coronal sections made clear that it is a longitudinal layer of muscular tissue, marking the boundary between the internal and external anal sphincters. From the anorectal junction it extends along the anal canal, receives fibers from the innermost part of the puborectalis and the puboanalis muscles, and terminates with seven to nine fibro‐elastic septa, which traverse the subcutaneous part of the external anal sphincter, reaching the perianal dermis. In the transverse plane, the mean thickness of the LAM was 1.68 ± 0.27 mm. Immunohistochemical staining showed that the LAM consists of predominantly outer striated muscle fibers and smaller numbers of inner smooth muscle fibers, respectively coming from the levator ani muscle and from the longitudinal muscular layer of the rectum. The oblique fibers suggest that the LAM may represent the intermediate longitudinal course of small bridging muscle bundles going reciprocally from the striated EAS to the smooth IAS and vice versa. The spatial result is the helical course of striated and smooth muscle fibers between the EAS and IAS, which contribute not only to the narrowing but also to some shortening of the anal canal during sphincter contraction. Thus, rather than being a boundary, the LAM gives anatomical evidence of a functional connection between two muscle systems with different structures and topography. Clin. Anat. 21:447–452, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

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“…About 100 ml of 10% formalin were injected into the bladder and 100 ml into the rectum, through a cuffed tube (Johnson & Johnson, Milan, Italy) to avoid leakage of formalin. After 10 hr, the specimens were removed en bloc by a transverse circumferential cut through the parietal peritoneum using the pelvic brim as a landmark (De Caro et al, 1998;Macchi et al, 2003). The bladder was dissected from the symphysis and from the ischiopubic rami.…”

Section: Preparation Of the Pelvic Visceramentioning

confidence: 99%

“…After dehydration in acetone at -258C for 2 weeks and degreasing in acetone at room tempera-ture for 1 week, vacuum impregnation was performed with the epoxy resin E12 mixture (Biodur TM Products, Heidelberg, Germany). After vacuum impregnation, the specimens were cured by exposure to ultraviolet light and heat (508C) (von Hagens et al, 1987;Fritsch, 1988;Fritsch and Hotzinger, 1995;Frohlich et al, 1997;De Caro et al, 1998). Tables 1 and 2.…”

Section: Plastinationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Histotopographic study of the rectourethralis muscle

et al. 2005

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Radical perineal prostatectomy, relative to retropubic prostatectomy, has become an increasingly used surgical technique for prostate cancer, following advances in laparoscopic methods for pelvic lymph node dissection. Recent protocols of risk stratification may even obviate the need for lymph node dissection. Section of the rectourethralis muscle (RUM) is necessary for access to the retroprostatic space, however, during this procedure rectal injuries may be produced. In this work, we studied the topography and morphology of the RUM, which, despite its importance in perineal surgery, has not been univocally described in the literature. After in situ formalin fixation, the pelvic viscera were removed from 16 male cadavers (age: 54-72 years) and from 4 full-term infants (gestational age: 37-38 weeks). Serial macrosections of the bladder base, prostate gland, and lower rectum cut in horizontal (6 adults and 2 infants) and sagittal (6 adults and 2 infants) planes underwent histological (hematoxylin and eosin, azan-Mallory, and Weigert's staining) and immunohistochemical (anti-smooth muscle actin and anti-sarcomeric actin) study. The remaining 4 adult specimens were cut in horizontal and sagittal planes and plastinated using the epoxy resin E12 sheet procedure. RUM was identified in 10 of 12 (83%) adult specimens and in 4 of 4 (100%) infant specimens. In both sagittal and transverse sections, it showed a triangular-shaped configuration. In all cases, at the level of its posterior portion, fibers continuing with the longitudinal muscular layer of the rectum were visible. In the majority of adult and infant cases, attachment of muscle fibers into the anterior wall of the anal canal was also observed. Anteriorly, the mean (+/-SD) distance between the RUM and the membranous urethra was 5.3 (+/-1.25) mm in adults and 1.0 (+/-0.41) mm in infants. Location of RUM in the prerectal space and the absence of urethral attachment makes the original name of this muscle, "prerectal," by Henle, more correct. In 7 of 10 (70%) adult cases and in 1 of 4 (25%) infant cases, muscle fibers were densely packed along the lateral portions of the RUM, while in its central portion connective tissue was prevalent, with sparse numbers of smooth muscle fibers. Immunohistochemical staining showed that this muscle consists almost entirely of smooth fibers. In all the infant specimens, the RUM was clearly separated from the levator ani, while in 8 of 10 (80%) adult cases, striated fibers of the levator ani and smooth fibers of the RUM intermingled. These structural associations suggest a functional cooperation between the two muscles, particularly in determining the anorectal flexure.

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Morphometric Analysis of the Fibroadipose Tissue of the Female Pelvis

Cited by 24 publications

References 13 publications

Histotopographic Study of the Fibroadipose Connective Cheek System

Histotopographic Study of the Fibroadipose Connective Cheek System

Histo‐Topographic study of the longitudinal anal muscle

Histotopographic study of the rectourethralis muscle

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