Morphometric analysis of the developing, murine aneural soleus muscle

Hughes, Donna; Ontell, Marcia

doi:10.1002/aja.1001930209

Cited by 17 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 19 publications

(51 reference statements)

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“…After nerve ablation in early postnatal rats, reinnervation is predominantly selective for a particular fiber type (Soileau et al 1987). The distribution pattern of slow and fast fiber types appears the same in the fetus before synapse rearrangement, or even in aneural fetal limbs, as it is in the adult (Condon et al 1990;Fredette and Landmesser 1991a;Hughes and Ontell 1992;Buckingham 1994). This finding suggests that the uniformity of fibers in a motor unit reflects the selective innervation of one type of fiber by a motor axon rather than determination of fiber type by the nerve.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 72%

Decamethonium bromide-mediated inhibition of embryonic muscle development

Macharia

Patel

Otto³

et al. 2004

Anatomy and Embryology

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This study determined the effect of decamethonium bromide (DMBr), a non-competitive blocker of the neuromuscular junction, on skeletal muscle development during chick embryogenesis. Decamethonium bromide caused generalized edema and high mortality with treated embryos rarely surviving beyond day 16 of incubation. Muscle degeneration was grossly evident on the muscles of abdomen, pectoral girdle, and leg. Semi-thin sections showed a high infiltration of macrophages in treated embryos and a massive degenerative process. Electron microscopy showed that both fast and slow fibers formed in the control and treated embryos, but those of the treated embryos failed to form myofibrils. Other organ systems, such as the heart and the gut, appeared histologically normal throughout the course of treatment. To investigate possible nerve independent action of DMBr on muscle development we determined the effect of this compound on the growth and differentiation of the C2C12 skeletal muscle cell line. DMBr treatment of C2C12 cell cultures did not affect the growth or survival of the cells, even at a tenfold higher concentration than that used in ovo, but myosin heavy chain expression was dramatically inhibited. We conclude that DMBr has a nerve independent blocking inhibition effect on myosin heavy chain synthesis in the developing avian embryo besides the recognized role as a non-competitive post-synaptic blocker of the neuromuscular junction.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 72%

Decamethonium bromide-mediated inhibition of embryonic muscle development

Macharia

Patel

Otto³

et al. 2004

Anatomy and Embryology

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“…Innervation is undoubtedly an important part of the extrinsic regulatory mechanism, which has been shown both in vivo (McLennan, 1994;Lefeuvre et al, 1996;Washabaugh et al, 1998), as well as in vitro using co-cultures of the nerve and myotubes (Jiang et al, 2004;Jordan et al, 2005). In addition, maturation and survival of both primary and secondary myotubes are largely dependent on innervation (Hughes and Ontell, 1992;Ashby et al, 1993a,b;Wilson and Harris, 1993). However, initial induction of fiber type-specific MyHC isoform expression seems to operate in the absence of innervation (Butler et al, 1982;Condon et al, 1990b;Robson and Hughes, 1999).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sox6 is required for normal fiber type differentiation of fetal skeletal muscle in mice

Hagiwara

Yeh

Liu

2007

Developmental Dynamics

140

138

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Sox6, a member of the Sox family of transcription factors, is highly expressed in skeletal muscle. Despite its abundant expression, the role of Sox6 in muscle development is not well understood. We hypothesize that, in fetal muscle, Sox6 functions as a repressor of slow fiber type-specific genes. In the wild-type mouse, differentiation of fast and slow fibers becomes apparent during late fetal stages (after approximately embryonic day 16). However, in the Sox6 null-p 100H mutant mouse, all fetal muscle fibers maintain slow fiber characteristics, as evidenced by expression of the slow myosin heavy chain MyHC-␤. Knockdown of Sox6 expression in wild-type myotubes results in a significant increase in MyHC-␤ expression, supporting our hypothesis. Analysis of the MyHC-␤ promoter revealed a Sox consensus sequence that likely functions as a negative cis-regulatory element. Together, our results suggest that Sox6 plays a critical role in the fiber type differentiation of fetal skeletal muscle.

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“…It was determined that these muscles were typical for each stage of development by assessing their cytoarchitecture and the results of an evaluation of their numbers of myotubes, mean myotube diameters, myotube diameter distributions, cluster frequencies, and numbers of myofilament-containing cells/ cluster (Hughes and Ontell, 1992). Ultrathin transverse sections of the entire girths of these muscles were taken a t 15 to 60 pm intervals along the muscles' lengths.…”

Section: Hindlimb Tissue Processingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ablation of the fetal mouse spinal cord: The effect on soleus muscle cytoarchitecture

Hughes

Schade

Ontell

1992

Developmental Dynamics

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A technique is described whereby it is possible to surgically ablate the lumbosacral spinal cord of a developing mouse fetus without interfering with fetal viability. The lumbosacral spinal cords of 14-day in utero, 129ReJ mice were ablated with a Cooper Nd-YAG laser, and the fetuses, enclosed in their membranes and attached to the uterus by their placentae, were allowed to develop in the abdominal cavity of the dam. The cytoarchitecture and the temporal pattern of organogenesis of aneural soleus muscles were studied in spaced, serial, transverse, ultrathin sections of muscles of 16-and 18-day gestation and newborn (20-day gestation) mice. At the time of surgery, the soleus muscle was a discrete mass consisting of primary myotubes and a pleomorphic population of mononucleated cells. Axon bundles and blood vessels were found at the muscle's periphery, but had not penetrated throughout the muscle mass. The organogenesis of the aneural muscle was remarkably similar to that of the innervated soleus muscle (Ontell et al., Am J Anat 181: [267][268][269][270][271][272][273][274][275][276][277][278]1988). In the aneural muscle, as in the innervated muscle, significant numbers of secondary myotubes formed all along the lengths of primary myotubes. Moreover, the time course of myotube formation, the dynamics of cluster formation and cluster dispersal, and the ultrastructural appearance of the myotubes mimicked that observed in innervated muscle. The frequency of necrotic myotubes was no greater in the aneural muscle than in the innervated soleus muscle. Myotube maturation was similar in aneural and innervated soleus muscles until 18 days gestation. However, at birth, aneural myotubes appeared to be slightly less mature than innervated myotubes. Thus, the major morphogenic phenomena that characterize the development of the soleus muscle appear to be independent of innervation.

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Morphometric analysis of the developing, murine aneural soleus muscle

Cited by 17 publications

References 19 publications

Decamethonium bromide-mediated inhibition of embryonic muscle development

Decamethonium bromide-mediated inhibition of embryonic muscle development

Sox6 is required for normal fiber type differentiation of fetal skeletal muscle in mice

Ablation of the fetal mouse spinal cord: The effect on soleus muscle cytoarchitecture

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