Morphometric Analysis of Dry Human Patella and Patellar Facets

Abstract

BackgroundThe patella is also known as the kneecap. It lies in front of the knee joint and protects the joint from damage. It is the largest sesamoid bone in the body and is embedded within the quadriceps tendon. The morphometry of the patella is crucial in forensic analysis, designing of implants, and subsequent reconstruction procedures in the knee as it is a sesamoid bone, without periosteum, whereby the natural healing process becomes difficult. The dimensions of the implant are very crucial for a successful knee replacement procedure. This study aims to provide a comprehensive morphometric analysis of the patella and further compare the same between right and left-sided patella specimens. MethodologyIn total, 50 dry patella specimens, with 26 left-sided specimens and 24 right-sided specimens, were obtained for the study from the Department of Anatomy, Saveetha Medical College, Chennai. The parameters analyzed in the study included height, width, the thickness of the patella, length and width of the articular facets on medial and lateral aspects, and central ridge length. ResultsThe morphometric analysis showed the mean height, width, and thickness of patella specimens were 4.07 cm, 4.12 cm, and 2.03 cm, respectively. The dimensions of the articular facet on the lateral aspect were found to show statistical variation compared to the dimensions of the medial articular facet, where p-values of <0.05 were taken as statistically significant. Based on Koyunco's Classification, 92% of patella specimens were of Type B. ConclusionsThe morphometric analysis of the patella in this study can be helpful in designing implants for reconstruction and for treating orthopedics in patellar reconstruction and fixation procedures.

Evaluation of Patella Anatomy for Total Knee Arthroplasty Approaches

“…Our study gains importance when compared to previous studies due to the comprehensive morphometric analysis of a relatively large sample size of 168 patellar. The VRL was measured at 27.7±2.3 mm on the right side and 27.5±3.5 mm on the left side by Taj et al, which was more than our measurement of 25.87±3.40 mm on the right side and 24.71±3.57 mm on the left side [9]. A comparison of the morphometric properties of the patella is summarized in Table 2.…”

“…A Type III patella, which accounts for 25% of all occurrences, is convex in shape as opposed to Type II and also has a smaller medial facet than the lateral aspect [8]. The majority of patella was Type II in previous studies [5,8,9,17,20,21]. In the study by Agarwal et al, Type I patella was not detected, and no Type III patella was detected in the studies by Murugan et al and Maia et al [17,20,21].…”

“…During knee extension, the patella increases the arm movement by increasing the movement of the quadriceps muscles [5]. [9][10][11][12][13]. In previous studies, the measurements were as follows: PL ranged from a minimum of 35.7 mm [14] to a maximum of 46.1±4.7 mm [15]; PW ranged from a minimum of 38.53 mm [2] to a maximum of 48.95±0.72 mm [16]; PT ranged from a minimum of 18.40±0.17 mm [16] to a maximum of 26.6±1.5 mm [15]; MAW ranged from a minimum of 17.28±1.91 mm [17] to a maximum of 26.00±0.16 mm [16]; LAW ranged from a minimum of 20.03±3.13 mm [17] to a maximum of 27.7±1.8 mm [15]; and ASH ranged from a minimum of 25.87±4.02 mm [18] to a maximum of 31.26±3.17 mm [5].…”

“…In addition to the classification types, 11 other parameters were measured, as outlined in Figure 1. These parameters included patellar length (PL), patellar width (PW), patellar thickness (PT), medial articular width (MAW), lateral articular width (LAW), articular surface height (ASH), vertical ridge length (VRL), Wiberg angle (WA), patellar facet thickness (PFT), patellar relative thickness (PRT = PT/PW), and patellar facet thickness ratio (PFTR = PFT/PT) [5,9]. A sliding digital caliper with an accuracy of 0.01 mm was used for linear measurements.…”

The Morphometric Analysis of Adult Dry Patellae: A Cross-sectional Study

“…In India, only a few studies have been conducted on patella dimensions [7,8]. The present study aimed to perform a morphometric analysis of the adult dry patella.…”