Morphology of Tigris River within Baghdad City

Abstract

Abstract. In recent years, substantial changes have occurred in the morphology of the River Tigris within Baghdad City. Although huge volumes of sediment are being trapped in recently constructed headwater reservoirs, the number of islands in the Tigris at Baghdad is increasing. The debris of bridges destroyed in the wars of 1991 and 2003 and their subsequent reconstruction have enhanced the development of these islands. As a consequence the ability of the river to carry the peaks of flood waters has been reduced. This has led to potential increase of flooding in parts of the city.The bed of the River Tigris has been surveyed on three occasions (1976, 1991, and 2008). The most recent survey was conducted by the Ministry of Water Resources, extended 49 km from the Al-Muthana Bridge north Baghdad to the confluence with the Diyala River south Baghdad. It yielded cross-section profiles at 250 m intervals. The data are used to predict the maximum flood capacity for the river using the one-dimensional hydraulic model for steady flow "HEC-RAS" modeling. Calibration of the model was carried out using field measurements for water levels along the last 15 km of the reach and the last 10 yr of observation at the Sarai Baghdad gauging station.The model showed a significant predicted reduction in the current river capacity below that which the river had carried during the floods of 1971 and 1988. The three surveys conducted on the same reach of the Tigris indicated that the ability of the river to transport water has decreased.

Screening of lignin-degrading fungi for their ability to decay cassava residue

“…Positive fungi showed red in guaiacol-containing plates or/and decolorization zones in azure B-containing plates [18,19]. In the present study, nineteen lignin-degrading fungi were screened out, two fungi had a positive reaction on both guaiacol and azure B plates, while six fungi had a positive reaction on guaiacol plate and eleven fungi had a positive reaction on azure B plate.…”

“…Lignin-degrading fungi would make the guaiacol become red or azure B dye decolorization [18,19]. After ten days of incubation, isolates exhibiting diffusible guaiacol-reddening or azure B decolorization zone were lignin-degrading fungi.…”

Three-Dimensional Morphodynamic Modelling of Tigris River in Baghdad

“…1). Eighteen obstacles between islands and sandbars were recognized inside Baghdad in 2008 [7][8][9]. Dredging operations have been started at specified sites along the river inside Baghdad to overcome the sedimentation problems.…”

“…An initial water surface profile was considered from previous simulation for 1-D flow in the river for a discharge close to the average monthly flow [8], then the model adjusted the water profile for the current hydraulic conditions using free surface algorithms. The …”

Estimation of Water Quality Parameters Using the Regression Model with Fuzzy K-Means Clustering

“…It consider main source for human use, especially for drinking water [14]. The study area represents the river Tigris within Baghdad city 152 | P a g e www.ijacsa.thesai.org (the capital of Iraq) and the length of river, extended 49 km from the Al-Muthana Bridge north Baghdad to the confluence with the Diyala river south Baghdad [15]. Fig.…”