Morphology of the pineal complex of the anadromous sea lamprey, <i>Petromyzon marinus</i> L.

Cole, William C.; Youson, John H.

doi:10.1002/aja.1001650205

Cited by 43 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…Most striking perhaps is the lamellar body of amphioxus as compared to the pineal gland in the vertebrate diencephalon [Ruiz and Anadon, 1991;Lacalli et al, 1994;Olsson et al, 1994]. The lamellar body, which is a ciliary photoreceptor with the ciliary membrane modified into large whorls, strikingly resembles photoreceptor cells in the lamprey pineal complex [Meiniel, 1980;Cole and Youson, 1982]. In addition, it has been argued that the anterior photoreceptor of amphioxus is homologous to the vertebrate paired eyes [Lacalli, 1996] and that the amphioxus infundibular organ, which secretes an extracellular fiber that extends posteriorly in the lumen of the CNS, is homologous to the vertebrate subcommissural organ, which secretes Reissner's fiber [Olsson et al, 1994].…”

Section: The Amphioxus Cns Shares Key Domains With the Vertebrate Cnsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gene Duplication, Co-Option and Recruitment during the Origin of the Vertebrate Brain from the Invertebrate Chordate Brain

Holland

Short

2008

Brain Behav Evol

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The brain of the basal chordate amphioxus has been compared to the vertebrate diencephalic forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain and spinal cord on the basis of the cell architecture from serial electron micrographs and patterns of developmental gene expression. In addition, genes specifying the neural plate and neural plate border as well as Gbx and Otx, that position the midbrain/hindbrain boundary (MHB), are expressed in comparable patterns in amphioxus and vertebrates. However, migratory neural crest is lacking in amphioxus, and although it has homologs of the genes that specify neural crest, they are not expressed at the edges of the amphioxus neural plate. Similarly, amphioxus has the genes that specify organizer properties of the MHB, but they are not expressed at the Gbx/Otx boundary as in vertebrates. Thus, the genetic machinery that created migratory neural crest and an MHB organizer was present in the ancestral chordate, but only co-opted for these new roles in vertebrates. Analyses with the amphioxus genome project strongly support the idea of two rounds of whole genome duplication with subsequent gene losses in the vertebrate lineage. Duplicates of developmental genes were preferentially retained. Although some genes apparently acquired roles in neural crest prior to these genome duplications, other key genes (e.g., FoxD3 in neural crest and Wnt1 at the MHB) were recruited into the respective gene networks after one or both genome duplications, suggesting that such an expansion of the genetic toolkit was critical for the evolution of these structures. The toolkit has also increased by alternative splicing. Contrary to the general rule, for at least one gene family with key roles in neural crest and the MHB, namely Pax genes, alternative splicing has not decreased subsequent to gene duplication. Thus, vertebrates have a much larger number of proteins available for mediating new functions in these tissues. The creation of new splice forms typically changes protein structure more than evolution of the protein after gene duplication. The functions of particular isoforms of key proteins expressed at the MHB and in neural crest have only just begun to be studied. Their roles in modulating gene networks may turn out to rival gene duplication for facilitating the evolution of structures such as neural crest and the MHB.

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Section: The Amphioxus Cns Shares Key Domains With the Vertebrate Cnsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gene Duplication, Co-Option and Recruitment during the Origin of the Vertebrate Brain from the Invertebrate Chordate Brain

Holland

Short

2008

Brain Behav Evol

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“…These diverse functions are mediated not only by the retina but also by extra-ocular photoreceptive organs, such as the pineal gland. The retina and pineal gland probably arose via divergence from a common ancestral photoreceptive organ, and consistently, the pineal gland acts as a photosensory organ in the lowest vertebrate (1)(2)(3). In the course of vertebrate evolution, the physiological role of the pineal gland has been changed from a photosensory organ to a photoendocrinal organ in the lower vertebrates and eventually to a neuroendocrinal organ in mammals (4,5).…”

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confidence: 99%

Pineal expression-promoting element (PIPE), a cis- acting element, directs pineal-specific gene expression in zebrafish

Asaoka

Mano

Kojima

et al. 2002

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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The pineal gland, sharing morphological and biochemical similarities with the retina, plays a unique and central role in the photoneuroendocrine system. The unique development of the pineal gland is directed by a specific combination of the expressed genes, but little is known about the regulatory mechanism underlying the pineal-specific gene expression. We isolated a 1.1-kbp fragment upstream of the zebrafish exo-rhodopsin (exorh) gene, which is expressed specifically in the pineal gland. Transgenic analysis using an enhanced green fluorescent protein reporter gene demonstrated that the proximal 147-bp region of the exorh promoter is sufficient to direct pineal-specific expression. This region contains three copies of a putative cone rod homeobox (Crx)͞Otx-binding site, which is known to be required for expression of both retina-and pineal-specific genes. Deletion and mutational analyses of the exorh promoter revealed that a previously uncharacterized sequence TGACCCCAATCT termed pineal expression-promoting element (PIPE) is required for pineal-specific promoter activity in addition to the Crx͞Otx-binding sites. By using the zebrafish rhodopsin (rh) promoter that drives retina-specific expression, we created a reporter construct having ectopic PIPE in the rh promoter at a position equivalent to that in the exorh promoter by introducing five nucleotide changes. Such a slight modification in the rh promoter induced ectopic enhanced green fluorescent protein expression in the pineal gland without affecting its retinal expression. These results identify PIPE as a critical cis-element contributing to the pineal-specific gene expression, in combination with the Crx͞Otx-binding site(s).

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“…Lampreys show a primitive pineal complex, with both pineal and parapineal photoreceptive organs (Studnička, 1893(Studnička, , 1905Retzius, 1895;Collin, 1969;Meiniel and Collin, 1971;Cole and Youson, 1982;Samejima et al, 1989;Tamotsu et al, 1990Tamotsu et al, , 1994Pombal et al, 1999;. The pineal organ of adult lampreys consists of a pineal vesicle and a long pineal stalk containing photoreceptors and ganglion neurons.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Early development of the retina and pineal complex in the sea lamprey: Comparative immunocytochemical study

Meléndez-Ferro

Villar-Cheda

Abalo

et al. 2001

J of Comparative Neurology

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Lampreys have a complex life cycle, with largely differentiated larval and adult periods. Despite the considerable interest of lampreys for understanding vertebrate evolution, knowledge of the early development of their eye and pineal complex is very scarce. Here, the early immunocytochemical organization of the pineal complex and retina of the sea lamprey was studied by use of antibodies against proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), opsin, serotonin, and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Cell differentiation in the retina, pineal organ, and habenula begins in prolarvae, as shown by the appearance of PCNA-negative cells, whereas differentiation of the parapineal vesicle was delayed until the larval period. In medium-sized to large larvae, PCNA-immunoreactive (-ir) cells were numerous in regions of the lateral retina near the differentiated part of the larval retina (central retina). A late-proliferating region was observed in the right habenula. Opsin immunoreactivity appears in the pineal vesicle of early prolarvae and 3 or 4 days later in the retina. In the parapineal organ, opsin immunoreactivity was observed only in large larvae. In the pineal organ, serotonin immunoreactivity was first observed in late prolarvae in photoreceptive (photoneuroendocrine) cells, whereas only a few of these cells appeared in the parapineal organ of large larvae. No serotonin immunoreactivity was observed in the larval retina. GABA immunoreactivity appeared earlier in the retina than in the pineal complex. No GABA-ir perikaryon was observed in the retina of larval lampreys, although a few GABA-ir centrifugal fibers innervate the inner retina in late prolarvae. First GABA-ir ganglion cells occur in the pineal organ of 15-17 mm larvae, and their number increases during the larval period. The only GABA-ir structures observed in the parapineal ganglion of larvae were afferent fibers, which appeared rather late in development. The time sequence of development in these photoreceptive structures is rather different from that observed in teleosts and other vertebrates. This suggests that the unusual development of the three photoreceptive organs in lampreys reflects specialization for their different functions during the larval and adult periods.

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Morphology of the pineal complex of the anadromous sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus L.

Cited by 43 publications

References 49 publications

Gene Duplication, Co-Option and Recruitment during the Origin of the Vertebrate Brain from the Invertebrate Chordate Brain

Gene Duplication, Co-Option and Recruitment during the Origin of the Vertebrate Brain from the Invertebrate Chordate Brain

Pineal expression-promoting element (PIPE), a cis- acting element, directs pineal-specific gene expression in zebrafish

Early development of the retina and pineal complex in the sea lamprey: Comparative immunocytochemical study

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