Morphology of the lingual apparatus of the domestic chicken, Gallus gallus, with special attention to the structure of the fasciae

Abstract

A detailed redescription of the mechanically interacting structural elements of the lingual apparatus of the domestic chicken, Gallus gallus, revealed the functional and constructional role of organized connective tissue (i.e., ligaments and fasciae) as structural elements that ensure the proper biomechanical interactions among the various structures within the lingual apparatus (e.g., cartilaginous and bony skeletal elements, muscles, salivary glands, epithelial structures). Fasciae, together with extrinsic muscles, also connect the lingual apparatus to the other components of the feeding apparatus, such as the skull, jaw apparatus, and larynx. For example, the hyoid apparatus is attached to the skull by a sheath-like fascia (F. vaginalis), the internal structure of which is described here for the first time. Thus, the hyoid suspension in birds differs fundamentally from that in mammals. This study is the first to examine all biomechanically functioning structural elements that are part of the galliform lingual apparatus in a systematic and comprehensive manner. It also provides a set of novel characters that may be useful for future comparative studies in evolutionary and functional morphology.

Kinetics Of The Hyoid Skeleton Of The Rock Dove (Patagioenas livia)

“…It is allowed to roll from right to left and back. Also, our results showed that the mandible of the Rock dove is composed of two diverged rami, which are fused anteriorly through the mandibular symphsis this is similar to the results (Zweers, 1982 ;Homberger &Meyers, 1989 andIsmail, 2006a). Also, showed that the mandible provides sites for origin of these muscles: muscle branchiomandibularis in the medial surface while the lateral surface provides sites for origin of these muscles: muscle branchiomandibularis posterior., muscle stylohyoideus.…”

“…The dorsal surface of the basihyale bony provides the sites of origin for the muscle hypoglossus posterior. Results of this study also showed that the ceratobranchiale is composed of bony element and show the same result in Chicken and Herrin gull (Homberger &Meyers, 1989 andAl-Jalaud, 1994a). The ceratobranchiale connects to the epibranchiale by a synchonodrosis between two bony elements as stated by (Zweers, 1982 ;Battacharyya, 1980Battacharyya, ,1990Al-Jalaud, 1994a, andAbdel-Rahmaan, 1998).…”

Anatomy of the hyoid skeleton of the rock dove (Patagioenas livia)

“…While many authors stated that the basihyal and urohyale of common moorhen are fused together and represent the supportive elements of the preglottal area, as well as the laryngeal mound . The apical end of the bony part of the urohyale is fused to the basihyale in the chicken (Homberger & Meyers, 1989). The present results showed that ceratobranchiale is composed of elongated rod-like bony element, similar in chicken and Herrin gull (Homberger & Meyers, 1989;Shawki & Al-Jalaud, 1994a).…”

“…The present results showed that the hyoid skeleton is a well developed in rock dove like the hyoid skeleton was found in the parrot (Homberger, 1986), in white throated kingfisher (Halcyon smyrnensis) and common buzzard (El-Beltagy, 2013) and in the Egyptian black kite (Shawki, 1995). The paraglossale forms the longest and elongated, unpaired arrow-shaped skeletal support of the free portion of the tongue in the rock dove it is very similar to the paraglossal of some species of common moorhen, Herring gull, chicken and the golden eagle (Homberger & Meyers, 1989;Shawki, & Al-Jalaud, 1994b;Parchami & Fatahian, 2010). The surface structures of the paraglossale usually indicate attachment sites for muscle or ligaments.…”

“…The basihyale is composed of an anterior bony and posterior cartilaginous element. While in most bird such as Herring gull, chicken and common moorhen the basihyale is a bony (Shawki& Al-Jalaud, 1994a;Homberger & Meyers, 1989;. The dorsal surface of the bony basihyale provides the sites of origin for the muscles, usually along its longitudinal crest and the posterior cartilaginous is plate-like which bears a triplet of concave articulation surfaces.…”