Morphology of the human internal vertebral venous plexus: A cadaver study after latex injection in the 21-25-week fetus

Groen, Rob J. M.; Grobbelaar, M; Muller, Christo J. F.; Solinge, G. van; Verhoof, Olaf J.; Toit, D. F. Du; Hoogland, Piet V.

doi:10.1002/ca.20153

Cited by 49 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 9 publications

(7 reference statements)

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“…4 We propose the term "bridging veins" because these veins do not necessarily follow the spinal nerves as the arteries always do.…”

Section: Embryology and Anatomy Of The Spinal Vasculaturementioning

confidence: 99%

“…3 Two longitudinal collector systems form in the subarachnoid space at the dorsal and ventral surface of the cord, later joining the epidural space laterally through numerous bridging or radicular veins. 4 We propose the term "bridging veins" because these veins do not necessarily follow the spinal nerves as the arteries always do. 5 This adult-type venous drainage pattern is already seen by the 10th gestational week.…”

Section: Embryology and Anatomy Of The Spinal Vasculaturementioning

confidence: 99%

“…5 The dorsal epidural group of AV shunts is related to veins that normally drain the spinous process and lamina at the spinal level. Although they are related to the major dural venous sinuses (superior sagittal sinus and torcular and transverse sinuses) at the cranial level, the corresponding veins at the spinal level are poorly developed 4 and consist of a pair of longitudinal channels (ie, the posterior internal venous plexus). Patients with dural AV shunts within this space typically present with spontaneous epidural hematomas.…”

Section: Classification Of Spinal Vascular Malformations In General Amentioning

confidence: 99%

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Spinal Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas

Krings¹,

Geibprasert²

2009

AJNR Am J Neuroradiol

367

376

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SUMMARY:Spinal dural arteriovenous (AV) fistulas are the most commonly encountered vascular malformation of the spinal cord and a treatable cause for progressive para-or tetraplegia. They most commonly affect elderly men and are classically found in the thoracolumbar region. The AV shunt is located inside the dura mater close to the spinal nerve root where the arterial blood from a radiculomeningeal artery enters a radicular vein. The increase in spinal venous pressure leads to decreased drainage of normal spinal veins, venous congestion, and the clinical findings of progressive myelopathy. On MR imaging, the combination of cord edema, perimedullary dilated vessels, and cord enhancement is characteristic. Therapy has to be aimed at occluding the shunting zone, either by superselective embolization with a liquid embolic agent or by a neurosurgical approach. Following occlusion of the fistula, the progression of the disease can be stopped and improvement of symptoms is typically observed. Despite being the most commonly encountered spinal vascular malformation, spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas (SDAVFs) are rare and still underdiagnosed entities, which, if not treated properly, can lead to considerable morbidity with progressive spinal cord symptoms. Because presenting clinical symptoms are unspecific, the neuroradiologist is often the first clinician to raise the possibility of this diagnosis, which initially rests mainly on MR imaging. For a thorough understanding of the disease and for planning the therapeutic strategy, however, selective spinal digital subtraction angiography (DSA) still is necessary. The aim of the following article is to review the epidemiology, etiology, clinical and imaging features, and therapeutic approaches of this type of spinal vascular malformation. Because an understanding of spinal vascular malformations both from an etiologic and pathophysiologic standpoint is based on the spinal vascular anatomy, we will start by briefly describing the salient features of the spine and spinal cord arterial supply and venous drainage followed by a classification of spinal vascular malformations in general and a classification of dural arteriovenous (AV) shunts in particular. Embryology and Anatomy of the Spinal VasculatureDevelopment of the neural plate starts during the third gestational week and is derived from the embryologic ectoderm. This process is induced by the underlying notochord and adjacent mesoderm, which regulate the development of the surrounding structures, including the nerves, blood vessels, and somites.1 In this stage, the angioblasts initially form small cell clusters (blood islands) within the embryonic and extraembryonic mesoderm.2 Formation of the neural tube begins early in the fourth week (days 22-23) with closure of the rostral and caudal neuropore during days 25-27, which coincides with the establishment of the intrinsic blood vascular circulation within the spinal cord.3 Two longitudinal collector systems form in the subarachnoid space at the dorsal and ventral surfac...

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“…4 We propose the term "bridging veins" because these veins do not necessarily follow the spinal nerves as the arteries always do.…”

Section: Embryology and Anatomy Of The Spinal Vasculaturementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Embryology and Anatomy Of The Spinal Vasculaturementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Classification Of Spinal Vascular Malformations In General Amentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Spinal Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas

Krings¹,

Geibprasert²

2009

AJNR Am J Neuroradiol

367

376

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“…These findings correspond to the common site of SSEH found. 4,5 In a rare case of SSEH, when the hematoma involved the cervical spinal level (as in this reported case), the presenting symptoms were unusual for spinal cord compression. Bleeding into the epidural space, which is a potential space, caused a space-occupying lesion (hematoma) within the spinal canal and suddenly raised intraspinal canal pressure.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 59%

Thunderclap headache as a presentation of spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma with spontaneous recovery

Sathirapanya

Setthawatcharawanich

Limapichat

et al. 2013

The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine

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Background: Spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma (SSEH) is a rare spinal cord compression disorder. Thunderclap headache mimicking subarachnoid hemorrhage as an initial manifestation of this disorder has been scarcely reported. Moreover, the neurological outcome of conservative treatment is satisfactory only in some clinical settings. The unusual presentation and mechanisms for spontaneous recovery of SSEH are discussed. Objective: To report a case of SSEH that presented with acute severe headache that mimicked subarachnoid hemorrhage. After a period of neurological deficit, spontaneous improvement was seen, which progressed to full recovery without neurosurgical intervention. Findings: A 62-year-old man presented with acute occipital headache and neck stiffness for which subarachnoid hemorrhage was initially suspected. An emergency computed tomographic brain scan and cerebrospinal fluid analysis excluded subarachnoid hemorrhage. Later, he developed acute paraparesis, hypoesthesia up to the fourth thoracic dermatomal level (T4) as well as bowel and bladder dysfunction. The magnetic resonance imaging eventually revealed spinal epidural hematoma, located anterior to C7 through T4 spinal level. He had no previous history of spinal injury, systemic, and hematological disorders. The neurological recovery began 20 hours after the onset and continued until complete recovery, 4 months after the onset without neurosurgical intervention. Conclusion: SSEH could sometimes imitate subarachnoid hemorrhages when it located in the cervical region. Spontaneous recovery of SSEH without surgical intervention might be possible in cases with continuing neurological recovery, although the recovery began much later in the clinical course.

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“…4 The literature pertaining to latex injection is limited, but has been commonly reported for small vessels, including the intricate structuring of the head, 4 and in fetuses. 5 In addition, less preparation is required for liquid latex, leading to similar vascular distention as for other dye materials. 4 The speed of injecting the latex-dye solution is also crucial.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vascular Coloration for Anatomical Study of the Pelvis and Hip: Implications in Hip Preservation Surgery

Chahla

Sánchez

Moatshe

et al. 2017

Arthroscopy Techniques

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Hip preservation surgical techniques have steadily increased in the recent past. Therefore, precise knowledge of the vascular system of the hip and pelvis is critical for avoidance of possibly devastating complications during surgery. A colored latex injection in the common iliac artery of cadavers allows for a complete staining of the hip and pelvis vascular system. This technique creates more resilient vessels, whereas coloration with dye causes the vessels to be highly visible in comparison with the surrounding tissue. The proposed colored latex-dye solution injection allows for complete identification of the circulatory system of the lower extremity with specific focus on the hip and pelvis. This technique is simple, reproducible, and easily usable by orthopaedic surgeons in the laboratory to better understand the vascularization of the lower limb. The purpose of this technical note is to describe our technique for the injection of latex-dye solution in the common iliac artery, followed by dissection to key vascular structures of the hip and pelvis.

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Morphology of the human internal vertebral venous plexus: A cadaver study after latex injection in the 21-25-week fetus

Cited by 49 publications

References 9 publications

Spinal Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas

Spinal Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas

Thunderclap headache as a presentation of spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma with spontaneous recovery

Vascular Coloration for Anatomical Study of the Pelvis and Hip: Implications in Hip Preservation Surgery

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