Morphology of Silica-Reinforced Natural Rubber: The Effect of Silane Coupling Agent

Sarkawi, Siti Salina; Dierkes, Wilma K.; Noordermeer, Jacobus W.M.

doi:10.5254/rct.15.86936

Cited by 39 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Then, when the silica/rubber compounds were heated, SS chemical bonds were formed through TESPT and rubber. As a result, 30 phr of silica modified by TESPT filled NR, the “Payne effect” of the compounds and vulcanizates were greatly lower than those without modification, which was in good agreement with the results reported by Sarkawi et al …”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 91%

Silica nanoparticles reinforced natural rubber latex composites: The effects of silica dimension and polydispersity on performance

Xia

Song

Wang

et al. 2019

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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The nano‐size autonomous monodisperse silica (AS) particles were prepared by hydrolysis and condensation of tetraethoxysilane using l‐lysine as catalyst. The silica/natural rubber (NR) masterbatches were then produced via latex compounding, in which NR latex was mixed with the above AS dispersion. The commercial precipitated silica (PS) was introduced as a control. The effects of both AS and PS particles on the interfacial and mechanical properties of composites were systematically examined. It was found that the AS formed bead‐like morphology wherein the clear particle edges can be distinguished in rubber matrix. Compared with PS/NR, the AS/NR composites were proved to possess more bound rubber and weaker filler–filler interaction resulting in higher tensile strength, abrasive resistance, and resilience. Meanwhile, the efficiency of premodified AS and PS surfaces using bis‐(3‐triethoxysilylpropyl) tetrasulfide on reinforcing the properties of silica/NR composites was studied. The results presented that the overall properties of modified silica/NR vulcanizates were improved significantly. In special, the values of heating building‐up and compression set showed an evident decline which was of great significance for tire tread or other rubber products. For the dynamic properties, the magic angle spinning/NR composites had lower rolling resistance. In short, AS may be applied as an ideal substitution of PS in rubber. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47449.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 91%

Silica nanoparticles reinforced natural rubber latex composites: The effects of silica dimension and polydispersity on performance

Xia

Song

Wang

et al. 2019

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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“…Ammonia treatment of bound rubber content is used to chemically break or cleave physical bonds in a rubber matrix. The immobilization of occluded rubber or physically bound rubber in the silica structure is released, and physical interactions like the hydrogen bonding are destroyed . Most of the bound rubber content obtained in the BR‐FNR coupled with ENR compounds may be attributed to the chemical attached to the siloxane and silanol groups present on the silica surface.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Natural rubbers, together with ENR 25, are vulnerable to provide the balanced tire tread properties such as low abrasion loss, high wet grip and low rolling resistance . In general, NR‐HDS filled compound still remains a challenge resulting in greatly deteriorated tire properties in the absence of silane coupling agent and process oil . The utilization of BR‐FNR and ENR is an efficient alternative to enhance the compatibility between HDS surface network.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Biologically sustainable rubber resin and rubber‐filler promoter: a precursor study

Manoharan

Naskar

2017

Polymers for Advanced Techs

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Enthused by the ever growing demand for sustainable and green based materials in responding to applications based on macromolecules, an attempt was made in seeking a bio‐resin (Terpene). Herein, we report the functionalization of bio‐resin with natural rubber (NR) to produce new sustainable and greener functional polymer. Bio‐resin functionalized NR was prepared by melt mixing using di(2‐tert butyl peroxy isopropyl) benzene initiator. Structure elucidation of the bio‐resin functionalized NR was established by proton nuclear magnetic resonance and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, respectively. Bio‐resin functionalized NR facilitates the augmented interaction with highly dispersible silica. Amended state of highly dispersible silica dispersion has been achieved in the absence of toxic process oil, expensive silane coupling agent and conventionally used zinc oxide. Remarkable improvement in overall properties corroborated with various meticulous characterization including nanoindentation, rheological, physico‐mechanical and small angle X‐ray scattering using Becauge model, etc. The dynamic mechanical properties of the greener polymer demonstrated low rolling resistance coupled with high traction. More decisively, the macromolecule system toned up sparingly in the presence of the bio‐resin. Our contribution facilitates a novel avenue to develop sustainable high‐performance elastomeric macromolecule. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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“…The lower particle size silica showed a higher reinforcement effect and improved mechanical and dynamic properties. Sarkawi et al . reported that skim rubber vulcanizates exhibited a higher Δ E ′ in a silica‐filled compound.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring a highly dispersible silica–elastomer composite for tire applications

Manoharan

Naskar

2016

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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In this article, we provide an extensive analyses of various properties that are required for tire tread based on developed highly dispersible (HD) silica-filled epoxidized natural rubber composites. Silica in an HD form has become a staple filler in tire tread applications because of its inherent advantages. In this study, epoxidized natural rubber with 25 mol % epoxide (ENR 25) and natural rubber were mixed with two different types of HD silica for superior reinforcement. A standard tire tread formulation was used as the base compound. The magic triangle properties were conspicuously influenced by the viscoelastic characteristics of the vulcanizates. The introduction of polar rubber (ENR 25) into the HD silica greatly improved rheological, physicomechanical, bound rubber content, and dynamic mechanical properties, and this led to a better, fuel-efficient tire. We successfully achieved this, even in the absence of a silane coupling agent. ENR 25 played an imperative role in showing an extraordinary rubber-filler interactions and was primarily responsible for these observations. In this study, we explored the HD silica dispersion with transmission electron microscopy observations. Morphological studies revealed well-dispersed HD silica with the formation of a rubber-filler network.

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Morphology of Silica-Reinforced Natural Rubber: The Effect of Silane Coupling Agent

Cited by 39 publications

References 9 publications

Silica nanoparticles reinforced natural rubber latex composites: The effects of silica dimension and polydispersity on performance

Silica nanoparticles reinforced natural rubber latex composites: The effects of silica dimension and polydispersity on performance

Biologically sustainable rubber resin and rubber‐filler promoter: a precursor study

Exploring a highly dispersible silica–elastomer composite for tire applications

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