Morphology of poly(butyl acrylate)/poly(styrene‐<i>co</i>‐methyl methacrylate) latex prepared by starved emulsion polymerization: II. Development of particle morphology

Huo, Dongxia; Liu, Dazhuang; Sun, Peiqin

doi:10.1002/pi.1072

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…It was found that in the second stage of the polymerization, the resulting latex particle structure depends on the added monomer ratio. 25 The resulting particle sizes of shell-crosslinked lattices (5 to 10) determined by cryo-TEM are in good agreement for particle 10 (163 nm) with the sizes obtained by DLS and AUC. In contrast, particle sizes of lattices 5 to 9 showed higher deviations (>5 nm).…”

Section: Characterization Of Latex Particlessupporting

confidence: 72%

Incorporation of core–shell particles into methacrylate based composites for improvement of the mechanical properties

et al. 2015

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The fracture toughness of polymeric materials and composites can be enhanced by the incorporation of polymer nanoparticles. The combination of a soft core and a hard shell leads to an improvement of the fracture toughness of the polymeric composites. Thereby, the mechanical resistance of the materials is commonly decreased. In our approach, core-shell nanoparticles consisting of an ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) crosslinked poly(butyl acrylate) (PBA) core and a poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) shell were synthesized. The polymer particles were incorporated into triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA)/urethane dimethacrylate (UDMA) based composites in order to tune the mechanical properties. Different core-shell ratios were applied to study the influence on the fracture toughness and E-modulus. An examination of shell-crosslinking with a TEGDMA content of up to 8% was performed to improve particle stability and dispersibility. The particle sizes and morphologies were characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS), cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM) and analytical ultracentrifugation (AUC). Latex particle sizes of 70 to 220 nm were obtained. The mechanical properties (flexural strength, E-modulus and K 1c ) of polymer composites were investigated in three-point bending tests. Core/shell ratios of 50/50 showed a decreasing effect on flexural strength, E-modulus and K 1c .Polymer particles with core/shell ratios of 30/70 led to a significant increase of the mechanical properties with maxima of 1.206 MPa m 1/2 (K 1c ) (increase of 65%), E-modulus of 1.90 GPa (increase of 18%) and flexural strength of 79 MPa (increase of 18%). This study represents the first report of a simultaneous improvement of fracture toughness and E-modulus (at the same time) of additive filled polymer composites. The improvement of mechanical properties makes these materials interesting as tougheners for hard tissue applications like bone cements or dental replacement materials. † Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available. See

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Section: Characterization Of Latex Particlessupporting

confidence: 72%

Incorporation of core–shell particles into methacrylate based composites for improvement of the mechanical properties

et al. 2015

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“…When the Gibbs free energy tends to decrease in the polymerization to the lowest one, the product with a thermodynamic equilibrium morphology was achieved. Around 1990, the thermodynamic criterion of minimal interface free energy proposed by Sundbegr, verified by Chen’s meticulous experiments, was widely recognized. , In 2000, Huo and co-workers proposed a simplified estimation method for the thermodynamic parameters and successfully used it to design and prepare PBA/P(St-MMA) core–shell latex particles. , In the minimal interface free energy proposed by Sundbegr, there are four mathematical models to predict the thermodynamic equilibrium morphology of hybrid particles, including core–shell structure, inverted core–shell structure, hemisphere structure, and individual particle structure (see Figure ). − According to the models, the thermodynamic equilibrium morphology would be the one that corresponds to a minimum in the reduced free energy of the system.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…49,50 In 2000, Huo and co-workers proposed a simplified estimation method for the thermodynamic parameters and successfully used it to design and prepare PBA/P(St-MMA) core−shell latex particles. 51,52 In the minimal interface free energy proposed by Sundbegr, there are four mathematical models to predict the thermodynamic equilibrium morphology of hybrid particles, including core− shell structure, inverted core−shell structure, hemisphere structure, and individual particle structure (see Figure 5). 53−55 According to the models, the thermodynamic equilibrium morphology would be the one that corresponds to a minimum in the reduced free energy of the system.…”

Section: Thermodynamic Prediction Of the Morphologies Of The Composit...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Anisotropic Magnetic Polymeric Particles with a Controllable Structure via Seeded Emulsion Polymerization

Xu,

Nie,

et al. 2024

Langmuir

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Magnetic polymer composites have been widely utilized in potential applications in material science, such as reduction of dyes, immunodiagnostics, biomedicals, and magnetically controllable photonic crystals owing to large surface areas, fast separation, and recyclable performance. In this work, anisotropic magnetic particles were prepared by seeded emulsion polymerization, with morphologies of "Fe 3 O 4 -shell", "hemisphere-like", "raspberry-like", "multiple lobes-like", and "sandwich-like". Poly-(styrene/divinylbenzene/mono-2-(methacryloxy)ethyl succinate) @ Fe 3 O 4 (P(St/DVB/MMES)@Fe 3 O 4 ) were the seed microspheres, and P(St/DVB/MMES)@Fe 3 O 4 @polymer particles are achieved by seeded emulsion polymerizations. The morphology of the particles depends on polymerization conditions (monomer ratios and surfactant), particle properties, and so on. Then, the minimum surface free energy change principles were used to predict the equilibrium morphologies of the magnetic polymer composites. Through theory, the model gives the correct tendency and good agreement with the equilibrium morphology which was in tandem with TEM results. Lastly, after in situ surface deposition of Ag nanoparticles, magnetic composite particles with sandwichlike morphology were applied for the catalytic degradation of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) reacting with NaBH 4 . The apparent rate coefficient is 0.0069 s −1 , and it can keep mainly about 80% efficiency in catalysis after five cycles.

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Latex aging: The effects of coalescing agents and thermal annealing on the morphology of composite latex particles

Stubbs

Sundberg

2011

J Polym Sci B Polym Phys

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Many composite polymer latices are produced with nonequilibrium particle morphologies and these can be prone to structural changes with the time of storage. Here we report on the use of coalescing agents, and separately thermal annealing to follow the morphology changes with aging time. Two coalescing agents with very different water solubilities were used to plasticize the latex polymers. During months of storage time the polymer particles were analyzed via differential scanning calorimetry and transmission electron microscopy. A parallel set of aging experiments were carried out for the same latices where the change agent was simple thermal annealing. Both latex and dry polymer samples were annealed at temperatures above 100 °C and for various periods of time. Both sets of experiments lead to the conclusion that when the aging temperature is at or above the effective glass transition temperature (taking into account solvent plasticization) of the glassiest of the polymers in a two‐component latex, morphological change can be rather fast and easily characterized. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 49: 1583–1589, 2011

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Morphology of poly(butyl acrylate)/poly(styrene‐co‐methyl methacrylate) latex prepared by starved emulsion polymerization: II. Development of particle morphology

Cited by 5 publications

References 16 publications

Incorporation of core–shell particles into methacrylate based composites for improvement of the mechanical properties

Incorporation of core–shell particles into methacrylate based composites for improvement of the mechanical properties

Anisotropic Magnetic Polymeric Particles with a Controllable Structure via Seeded Emulsion Polymerization

Latex aging: The effects of coalescing agents and thermal annealing on the morphology of composite latex particles

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