Morphology, myxocarpy, mineral content, and in vitro antimicrobial and antiproliferative activities of mericarps of the vulnerable Turkish endemic Salvia pilifera

Abstract

Salvia L., the largest genus of the family Lamiaceae, is composed of many well-known plants of medicinal value. This study provides the first data on micromorphology, myxocarpy, mineral content and in vitro antimicrobial and antiproliferative activities of mericarps of Salvia pilifera, considered to be a vulnerable endemic species from Turkey. The macro-and micromorphological mericarp traits were documented and illustrated via stereo microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Mineral content of mericarps was analyzed using ICP-MS. Ethanol extract of mericarps was tested against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Acinetobacter baumannii, Aeromonas hydrophila, Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, and Candida glabrata using broth microdilution method. Antimycobacterial activity was performed against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv using resazurin microtiter plate method. Ampicillin, Ethambutol, Isoniazid, and Fluconazole were chosen as reference drugs. Antiproliferative effect of the extract was tested against A549 human lung cancer cell lines using MTT test. The size of the mericarps was 4.38±0.17 mm in length and 3.28±0.13 mm in width. The general shape was elliptic to widely elliptic. The abscission scar was nearly rounded. The ornamentation pattern of the surface was colliculate with polygonal exocarp cells. Myxocarpy was observed on the surface of the mericarps when they become hydrated. Transparent mucilaginous cells showed a moderate reaction with extensions more than 0.1 mm long. Potassium and calcium were determined as major minerals (80.662±0.234 and 41.892±0.399 µg/g, respectively). The extract showed greater antibacterial activity against A. baumannii compared to Ampicillin (62.5 and 125 µg/mL MIC values, respectively). Cell viability level of the extract (100 μg/mL) was found to be statistically lower than control group against A549 human lung cancer cell lines (P<0.05).

Phytochemical analysis, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Salvia virgata mericarps

“…In terms of the essential trace minerals, the amount of Fe (13.36 ± 0.05 µg/g) was the highest. According to the literature, the minerals reported so far in the mericarps of some Salvia species are K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Cu, Mn, Ni, Se, Co, Al, and P (Ullah et al 2016;Ding et al 2018;Güzel et al 2019aGüzel et al , 2020aGüzel 2020), with K, Mg, Ca, and P determined as the major ones (Ding et al 2018;Güzel et al 2019aGüzel et al , 2020aGüzel 2020). The results of our study are consistent with the literature.…”

“…The tested extract was found to be as effective against A. baumannii as the reference drug Ampicillin (Both MIC values: 125 µg/mL). Ethanol extracts of some Salvia mericarps including S. pilifera (Güzel et al 2019a), S. hispanica (Kobus-Cisowska et al 2019Güzel et al 2020b) and S. longipedicellata (Güzel et al 2020a) were studied for their antimicrobial activity in our previous research, while this is the first report on the antimicrobial activity of S. virgata mericarps. In the literature, the antimicrobial activity of essential oils obtained from the aerial parts of S. virgata from Iran was examined using the disc diffusion method against C. albicans (ATCC 10231) and S. aureus (ATCC 6538), showing moderate antimicrobial activity against both the tested microorganisms (Alizadeh 2013).…”

Fatty acid, sterol, tocopherol, and mineral compositions; total phenolic and flavonoid contents and antioxidant activity of Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) seeds growing in Bolivia

“…Salvia L. cinsi Lamiaceae familyasına ait yaklaşık 1000 türü içeren 1 ; Asya, orta ve güney Amerika, Avrupa ve Afrika'nın da içerisinde olduğu dünyanın çok çeşitli bölgelerinde yayılış gösteren en büyük cinslerinden biridir. 2 Salvia cinsine ait tu rler geleneksel olarak tu berku loz, bronşit, mikrobiyal enfeksiyonlar, inflamasyon 1 , menstural rahatsızlıklar 3 , soğuk algınlığı, öksürük ve yara 4 tedavisinde kullanılmıştır. Cinsin bazı türleri, insan sağlığı üzerine olumlu etkileri ve besleyici potansiyelleri nedeniyle dünya genelinde yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır.…”

“…Cinsin bazı türleri, insan sağlığı üzerine olumlu etkileri ve besleyici potansiyelleri nedeniyle dünya genelinde yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. 5 Literatür taramalarında Salvia cinsine ait türlerin çeşitli kısımlarında flavonoitler, fenolik asitler 6 , terpenler 7 , aminoasitler 8 , mineraller 3,8 , yağ asitleri 8,9 ve tokoferollerin 10 bulunduğu bildirilmiştir. Ayrıca cinse ait türler üzerinde yapılan çalışmalarda aralarında antibakteriyal, antifungal, antioksidan, yara iyi edici 11 , antitüberküloz 11,12 ve sitotoksik 12 etkilerinde olduğu pek çok aktivite rapor edilmiştir.…”

Determination of the antagonistic efficacy of silver nanoparticles against two major strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis

“…The resultant supernatant was transferred to another fresh test tube, and the resultant mixture's turbidity was adjusted to the scale of 1 on a McFarland metric of a nephelometer. The resulting suspension was thereafter diluted 1:6 in 7H9-S and was used as the test inoculum (Guzel et al, 2019).…”